Design Methodologies Digital Integrated Circuits Design Methodologies Prentice

Design Methodologies Digital Integrated Circuits Design Methodologies © Prentice Hall 1995

The Design Problem Source: sematech 97 A growing gap between design complexity and design productivity Digital Integrated Circuits Design Methodologies © Prentice Hall 1995

Design Methodology • Design process traverses iteratively between three abstractions: behavior, structure, and geometry • More and more automation for each of these steps Digital Integrated Circuits Design Methodologies © Prentice Hall 1995

Design Analysis and Verification l l l Accounts for largest fraction of design time More efficient when done at higher levels of abstraction - selection of correct analysis level can account for multiple orders of magnitude in verification time Two major approaches: » Simulation » Verification Digital Integrated Circuits Design Methodologies © Prentice Hall 1995

Digital Data treated as Analog Signal Circuit Simulation Both Time and Data treated as Analog Quantities Also complicated by presence of non-linear elements (relaxed in timing simulation) Digital Integrated Circuits Design Methodologies © Prentice Hall 1995

Representing Data as Discrete Entity Discretizing the data using switching threshold The linear switch model of the inverter Digital Integrated Circuits Design Methodologies © Prentice Hall 1995

Switch Circuit versus Switch-Level Simulation Digital Integrated Circuits Design Methodologies © Prentice Hall 1995

Structural Description of Accumulator Design defined as composition of register and full-adder cells (“netlist”) Data represented as {0, 1, Z} Time discretized and progresses with unit steps Description language: VHDL Other options: schematics, Verilog Digital Integrated Circuits Design Methodologies © Prentice Hall 1995

Behavioral Description of Accumulator Design described as set of input-output relations, regardless of chosen implementation Data described at higher abstraction level (“integer”) Digital Integrated Circuits Design Methodologies © Prentice Hall 1995

Behavioral simulation of accumulator Discrete time Integer data (Synopsys Waves display tool) Digital Integrated Circuits Design Methodologies © Prentice Hall 1995

Timing Verification Critical path Enumerates and rank orders critical timing paths No simulation needed! (Synopsys-Epic Pathmill) Digital Integrated Circuits Design Methodologies © Prentice Hall 1995

Issues in Timing Verification False Timing Paths Digital Integrated Circuits Design Methodologies © Prentice Hall 1995

Implementation Methodologies Digital Integrated Circuits Design Methodologies © Prentice Hall 1995

Custom Design – Layout Editor Magic Layout Editor (UC Berkeley) Digital Integrated Circuits Design Methodologies © Prentice Hall 1995

Symbolic Layout • Dimensionless layout entities • Only topology is important • Final layout generated by “compaction” program Stick diagram of inverter Digital Integrated Circuits Design Methodologies © Prentice Hall 1995

Cell-based Design (or standard cells) Routing channel requirements are reduced by presence of more interconnect layers Digital Integrated Circuits Design Methodologies © Prentice Hall 1995

Standard Cell — Example [Brodersen 92] Digital Integrated Circuits Design Methodologies © Prentice Hall 1995

Standard Cell - Example 3 -input NAND cell (from Mississippi State Library) characterized for fanout of 4 and for three different technologies Digital Integrated Circuits Design Methodologies © Prentice Hall 1995

Automatic Cell Generation Random-logic layout generated by CLEO cell compiler (Digital) Digital Integrated Circuits Design Methodologies © Prentice Hall 1995

Module Generators — Compiled Datapath Digital Integrated Circuits Design Methodologies © Prentice Hall 1995

Macrocell Design Methodology Macrocell Interconnect Bus Floorplan: Defines overall topology of design, relative placement of modules, and global routes of busses, supplies, and clocks Digital Integrated Circuits Routing Channel Design Methodologies © Prentice Hall 1995

Macrocell-Based Design Example SRAM Routing Channel SRAM Data paths Standard cells Video-encoder chip [Brodersen 92] Digital Integrated Circuits Design Methodologies © Prentice Hall 1995

Gate Array — Sea-of-gates Uncommited Cell Committed Cell (4 -input NOR) Digital Integrated Circuits Design Methodologies © Prentice Hall 1995

Sea-of-gate Primitive Cells Using oxide-isolation Digital Integrated Circuits Using gate-isolation Design Methodologies © Prentice Hall 1995

Sea-of-gates Random Logic Memory Subsystem LSI Logic LEA 300 K (0. 6 mm CMOS) Digital Integrated Circuits Design Methodologies © Prentice Hall 1995

Prewired Arrays Categories of prewired arrays (or fieldprogrammable devices): l Fuse-based (program-once) l Non-volatile EPROM based l RAM based Digital Integrated Circuits Design Methodologies © Prentice Hall 1995

Programmable Logic Devices PLA Digital Integrated Circuits PROM Design Methodologies PAL © Prentice Hall 1995

EPLD Block Diagram Macrocell Primary inputs Courtesy Altera Corp. Digital Integrated Circuits Design Methodologies © Prentice Hall 1995

Field-Programmable Gate Arrays Fuse-based Standard-cell like floorplan Digital Integrated Circuits Design Methodologies © Prentice Hall 1995

Interconnect Programming interconnect using anti-fuses Digital Integrated Circuits Design Methodologies © Prentice Hall 1995

Field-Programmable Gate Arrays RAM-based Digital Integrated Circuits Design Methodologies © Prentice Hall 1995

RAM-based FPGA Basic Cell (CLB) Courtesy of Xilinx Digital Integrated Circuits Design Methodologies © Prentice Hall 1995

RAM-based FPGA Xilinx XC 4025 Digital Integrated Circuits Design Methodologies © Prentice Hall 1995

Taxonomy of Synthesis Tasks Digital Integrated Circuits Design Methodologies © Prentice Hall 1995

Design for Test Digital Integrated Circuits Design Methodologies © Prentice Hall 1995

Validation and Test of Manufactured Circuits Goals of Design-for-Test (DFT) Make testing of manufactured part swift and comprehensive DFT Mantra Provide controllability and observability Components of DFT strategy • Provide circuitry to enable test • Provide test patterns that guarantee reasonable coverage Digital Integrated Circuits Design Methodologies © Prentice Hall 1995

Test Classification l Diagnostic test » used in chip/board debugging » defect localization l “go/no go” or production test » Used in chip production l Parametric test » x e [v, i] versus x e [0, 1] » check parameters such as NM, Vt, tp, T Digital Integrated Circuits Design Methodologies © Prentice Hall 1995

Design for Testability Exhaustive test is impossible or unpractical Digital Integrated Circuits Design Methodologies © Prentice Hall 1995

Problem: Controllability/Observability l Combinational Circuits: controllable and observable - relatively easy to determine test patterns l Sequential Circuits: State! Turn into combinational circuits or use self-test l Memory: requires complex patterns Use self-test Digital Integrated Circuits Design Methodologies © Prentice Hall 1995

Test Approaches Ad-hoc testing l Scan-based Test l Self-Test Problem is getting harder l » increasing complexity and heterogeneous combination of modules in system-on-a-chip. » Advanced packaging and assembly techniques extend problem to the board level Digital Integrated Circuits Design Methodologies © Prentice Hall 1995

Generating and Validating Test-Vectors l Automatic test-pattern generation (ATPG) » for given fault, determine excitation vector (called test vector) that will propagate error to primary (observable) output » majority of available tools: combinational networks only » sequential ATPG available from academic research l Fault simulation » determines test coverage of proposed test-vector set » simulates correct network in parallel with faulty networks l Both require adequate models of faults in CMOS integrated circuits Digital Integrated Circuits Design Methodologies © Prentice Hall 1995

Fault Models Most Popular - “Stuck - at” model Covers almost all (other) occurring faults, such as opens and shorts. a, g : x 1 sa 1 b : x 1 sa 0 or x 2 sa 0 g : Z sa 1 Digital Integrated Circuits Design Methodologies © Prentice Hall 1995

Problem with stuck-at model: CMOS open fault Sequential effect Needs two vectors to ensure detection! Other options: use stuck-open or stuck-short models This requires fault-simulation and analysis at the switch or transistor level - Very expensive! Digital Integrated Circuits Design Methodologies © Prentice Hall 1995

Problem with stuck-at model: CMOS short fault Causes short circuit between Vdd and GND for A=C=0, B=1 Possible approach: Supply Current Measurement (IDDQ) but: not applicable for gigascale integration Digital Integrated Circuits Design Methodologies © Prentice Hall 1995

Path Sensitization Goals: Determine input pattern that makes a fault controllable (triggers the fault, and makes its impact visible at the output nodes) Fault enabling 1 1 Fault propagation 0 sa 0 1 1 0 Techniques Used: D-algorithm, Podem Digital Integrated Circuits Design Methodologies © Prentice Hall 1995

Ad-hoc Test Inserting multiplexer improves testability Digital Integrated Circuits Design Methodologies © Prentice Hall 1995

Scan-based Test Digital Integrated Circuits Design Methodologies © Prentice Hall 1995

Polarity-Hold SRL (Shift-Register Latch) Introduced at IBM and set as company policy Digital Integrated Circuits Design Methodologies © Prentice Hall 1995

Scan-Path Register Digital Integrated Circuits Design Methodologies © Prentice Hall 1995

Scan-based Test —Operation Digital Integrated Circuits Design Methodologies © Prentice Hall 1995

Scan-Path Testing Partial-Scan be more effective for pipelined datapaths Digital Integrated Circuits Design Methodologies © Prentice Hall 1995

Boundary Scan (JTAG) Board testing becomes as problematic as chip testing Digital Integrated Circuits Design Methodologies © Prentice Hall 1995

Self-test Rapidly becoming more important with increasing chip-complexity and larger modules Digital Integrated Circuits Design Methodologies © Prentice Hall 1995

Linear-Feedback Shift Register (LFSR) Pseudo-Random Pattern Generator Digital Integrated Circuits Design Methodologies © Prentice Hall 1995

Signature Analysis Counts transitions on single-bit stream Compression in time Digital Integrated Circuits Design Methodologies © Prentice Hall 1995

BILBO Digital Integrated Circuits Design Methodologies © Prentice Hall 1995

BILBO Application Digital Integrated Circuits Design Methodologies © Prentice Hall 1995

Memory Self-Test Patterns: Writing/Reading 0 s, 1 s, Walking 0 s, 1 s Galloping 0 s, 1 s Digital Integrated Circuits Design Methodologies © Prentice Hall 1995