Design for Development ARCH 564 Vikram Bhatt vikram
Design for Development ARCH 564 Vikram Bhatt vikram. bhatt@mcgill. ca Tel 514 -398 -6723 School of Architecture, 308 Macdonald-Harrington
Design • All human endeavors generally make produce - or destroy things, so design should not be confused with just actions • However, broadly speaking, all human made items are designed • Linguistically deign carries two meanings: – It can be used as a noun e. g. present it – It can also be used as a verb e. g. make/ing it
Design definition • An action carried out with purpose • It is a strategy - plan - used to lay the basis for creating objects - things - or systems – Hence as a verb design "refers to the process of originating and developing a plan for a product, structure, system, or component with intention – And as a noun "a design" is used for either the final (solution) plan (e. g. proposal, drawing, model, description) or the result of implementing that plan in the form of the final product of a design process – After: Wiki
The definition of design is broad so results are also varied • • Lamps Jewellery Clothes haut couture Furniture Buildings Bridges Abstract concepts strategies
Design Classification • • • Objects Graphics Ideas Concepts Fiscal system
What designers do and consider? • Function and or functionality or both – Easy to understand – Easy to use – Cost versus rewards (payback) • • Beauty or aesthetics Utility Durability Replicable
The Design Process • According to video game developer Dino Dini, design underpins every form of creation from objects such as chairs to the way we plan and execute our lives. For this reason it is useful to seek out some common structure that can be applied to any kind of design, whether this be for video games, consumer products or one's own personal life • What are the steps one follows in the process design?
The Design Process • Dino Dini states that the design process can be defined as "The management of constraints" • Two kinds of constraints: Negotiable and non-negotiable. – Identify, classify and select constraints. – Manipulate design variables to satisfy the nonnegotiable constraints and optimize those which are negotiable
Managing constraints • It is often not the same as the Theory of Constraints, which is defined in much broader context • Developed by Goldratt – Identify the constraint (the resource or policy that prevents the organization from obtaining more of the goal) – Decide how to exploit the constraint (make sure the constraint's time is not wasted doing things that it should not do) – Subordinate all other processes to above decision (align the whole system or organization to support the decision made above) – Elevate the constraint (if required or possible, permanently increase capacity of the constraint; "buy more") – If, as a result of these steps, the constraint has moved, return to Step 1. Don't let inertia become the constraint. After Wiki
Typical stages of the design process • Pre-production design – – Design brief or Parti- an early often the beginning statement of design goals Analysis - analysis of current design goals Research - investigating similar design solutions in the field or related topics Specification - specifying requirements of a design solution for a product (product design specification[6]) or service. – Problem solving - conceptualizing and documenting design solutions – Presentation - presenting design solutions • Design during production – Development - continuation and improvement of a designed solution – Testing - in-situ testing a designed solution • Post-production design feedback for future designs – Implementation - introducing the designed solution into the environment – Evaluation and conclusion - summary of process and results, including constructive criticism and suggestions for future improvements • Redesign - any or all stages in the design process repeated (with corrections made) at any time before, during, or after production. After: Wiki
Some popular design approaches • KISS principle, (Keep it Simple Stupid, etc. ), which strives to eliminate unnecessary complications. • There is more than one way to do it (TIMTOWTDI), a philosophy to allow multiple methods of doing the same thing. • Object-centered design, which focuses on the goals and tasks associated with the use of the artifact, rather than focusing on the end user. • User-centered design, which focuses on the needs, wants, and limitations of the end user of the designed artifact.
Development • After the II World War, the US administration under Truman took special interest in ‘underdevelopment. ’ • In his inaugural address President Truman announced his plan for a ‘fair deal’ for the rest of the world, based on ‘Greater production [as] the key to prosperity and peace. ’
Fair Deal @ home • Truman said "Every man should have the right to a decent home, the right to an education, the right to adequate medical care, the right to a worthwhile job, the right to an equal share in the making of public decisions through the ballot, and the right to a fair trial in a fair court. "
Post War Development • Geographical – Post war reconstruction – Western Europe, Japan – Other side the Eastern Block • Underdeveloped • Prosperous
Development debate 1950’s • Geo political following the Korean crisis (1950 -53, hostilities ceased but still tense) • Eastern (Soviet) and Western (US) Block • Cold War • Second World and First World • Third World, outside the settled interests of ‘superpowers’ • 1960’s – The non aligned movement (NAM) of mostly recently decolonized nations
Brandt Commission 1980 • The most comprehensive and broad based analysis of the various issues of international development to date was the report by the Independent Commission on International Development Issues, chaired by Willy Brandt (former Chancellor of West Germany) in 1980 • The ‘Brandt Report’ received much publicity and wide ranging acceptance as the best way forward for governments globally to realistically reduce the growing economic disparity between the rich North and developing South. • The book, North-South: A Programme for Survival (1980)
Brandt Commission 1980 • • • Dimensions of Development The commission argues that although the nature of internal structural transformation will vary widely from country to country, development involves profound transformation of the entire international economic and social structure. They emphasise the often overlooked idea of greater human dignity, security, justice and equity as equally valid measures of development as economic betterment. A number of issues fundamental to the discussion on development are highlighted: POVERTY The extent and far reaching consequences of poverty in poorer countries is highlighted, the World Bank estimate that 800 million people in the third world lived in absolute poverty at the time, some 40 % of the South’s population not being able to secure the most basic necessities of life. A differentiation is made between poverty in the North, where the relatively high levels of wealth require better distribution, and the acute poverty of the South, where there are no resources in the first place to distribute, and very little opportunity to acquire them. Striving economies of the poorer nations, reliant upon their agricultural exports, are faced with an unfavourable international environment and erratic markets, undermining their ability to promote structural transformation. The report also highlights newly industrialised countries, such as those in Latin America and South East Asia, which have been achieving good rates of growth but are still dependant on global economic management strategies.
Brandt Commission 1980 • • HEALTH Although life expectancy has increased in the third world, the report highlights issues of malnutrition, access to medical care, lack of safe water and sanitation all provide shocking statistics and are all ultimately linked to the world economy. HOUSING With a considerable movement of population away from the countryside and into cities, coupled with high birth rates, widespread unemployment and poverty, up to two-thirds of all families in certain third world cities could not afford even the cheapest new housing being built. EDUCATION Although there had been consistent progress in numbers attending school in developing countries, the enrolment of girls was significantly low and levels of illiteracy in 34 countries were at only 80 %. The commission considers all the above needs as indivisible and argues that the only way to ensure that they are addressed is by “helping the economies of these countries to grow and industrialise so that they will increasingly be in a position to help themselves”. The commission argue that this would only be possible with increased collaboration between North and South and changes in the international economic environment.
Brandt Commission 1980 • WOMEN Acknowledging the massive inequality between sexes in the developing world, the commission argue that development depends upon women, and criticises many aspects of modernisation which only serve to reinforce men’s dominant role. This is especially the case in production oriented societies. An important objective of any developmental project should be to encourage the education and employment of women by freeing them of tasks such as fetching water and firewood from sources which are many miles away. Even the distribution of health care is biased against women, especially pregnant women, since these decisions are always in the hands of men. The commission argue that the role of women is fundamental to society and yet statistically their value is not taken into account. • After: http: //www. stwr. org/special-features/the-brandt-report. html#Dimensions
Other Development Related trends • • • Development and globalization Development and security Development and culture Development and world orders Development and poverty
Poverty • Shortage of income • In addition to material consumption it is about the human condition/s – Health – Education – Social life – Environmental quality
Development • Human – Often linked to material objects and things – But at the end of the day it is about the advancement of the human condition • Lack of material well-being – Arguably simplistic – Priorities and needs • Personal vs • Broadly defined
Human Development • The basic objective of development is to create an enabling environment for people to enjoy long, healthy and creative lives. (UNDP 1990) • Benefit people. High GDP or GNP does it really benefit all? Translate it into – Increased life expectancy – Higher adult literacy – Reduced infant mortality
It is sometimes suggested that income is a good proxy for all other human choices since access to income permits exercise of every other option. This is only partly true for a variety of reasons: • Income is a means, not an end. It may be used for essential medicines or narcotic drugs. Well-being of a society depends on the uses to which income is put, not on the level of income itself. • Country experience demonstrates several cases of high levels of human development at modest income levels and poor levels of human development at fairly high income levels. • Present income of a country may offer little guidance to its future growth prospects. If it has already invested in its people, its potential income may be much higher than what its current income level shows, and vice versa. • Multiplying human problems in many industrial, rich nations show that high income levels, by themselves, are no guarantee for human progress. The simple truth is that there is no automatic link between income growth and human progress. (UNDP 1990)
GNP per capita and a key social indicator – how long will you live? Cou n GDP/Capita Mod try e (US Sri L st GNP $) a p n e k r ca Jam a Life expectancy pita aica 400 with (years Cos ) high ta R 9 i 40 High ca hum an d G 71 Braz NP pe 1, 610 evel il r ca opm 7 4 Oma pita ent w n 7 i th m 5 2, 02 Sau 0 o di A des 5, 81 t hu rabi 0 man a 6 65 , 200 dev elop 57 men t 64
Defining human development • Process of enlarging people’s choices – Lead a long life – Live a healthy life – Be educated – Have (enjoy) decent standard of living – Political freedom – Guaranteed human rights and self respect • Ability to mix with others without being “ashamed to appear in public (Adam Smith) UNDP 1990
Human development as defined by UNDP, 1990 Human development is a process of enlarging people's choices. In principle, these choice can be infinite and change over time. But at all levels of development, the three essential ones are for people to lead a long and healthy life, to acquire knowledge and to have access to resources needed for a decent standard of living. If these essential choices are not available, many other opportunities remain inaccessible. But human development does not end there. Additional choices, highly valued by many people, range from political, economic and social freedom to opportunities for being creative and productive, and enjoying personal self respect and guaranteed human rights. Human development has two sides: the formation of human capabilities such as improved health, knowledge and skills - and the use people make of their acquired capabilities - for leisure, productive purposes or being active in cultural, social and political affairs. If the scales of human development do not finely balance the two sides, considerable human frustration may result. According to this concept of human development, income is clearly one option that people would like to have, albeit an important one. But it is not the sum total of their lives. Development must, therefore, be more than just the expansion of income and wealth. Its focus must be people.
Topics of UNDP’s Annual Human Development Reports • • • • • Human mobility 2009 Report Climate change 2007/2008 Report The global water crisis 2006 Report Aid, trade and security 2005 Report Cultural liberty 2004 Report The Millennium Development Goals 2003 Report Deepening democracy 2002 Report New technologies 2001 Report Human rights 2000 Report Globalization 1999 Report Consumption 1998 Report Poverty 1997 Report Economic growth 1996 Report Gender inequality 1995 Report Human security 1994 Report Citizens' participation in development 1993 Report International trade 1992 Report National and international strategies for development 1991 Report Concepts and measurements of development 1990 Report
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