Design by Analogy A Learning Tool for Design

Design by Analogy A Learning Tool for Design Thinking Centre for Industrial Design (OPEN DESIGN SCHOOL) Gujarat Technological University, Ahmedabad

DESIGN BY ANALOGY Value of Education I do not carry such information in my mind since it is readily available in books. The value of a college education is not the learning of many facts but the training of the mind to think. - Albert Einstein, 1879 -1955 06 October 2020 Copyright @GTU - Centre for Industrial Design 2

DESIGN BY ANALOGY Analogy • Analogy is the process of association between situations from one domain (source) to another (target) made possible through the establishment of relations or representations (Gentner, 1983). • Designs are analogous if they share at least one function or behaviour, but not necessarily similar structures (Qian & Gero, 1996; Visser, 1996). 06 October 2020 Copyright @GTU - Centre for Industrial Design 3

DESIGN BY ANALOGY Analogy Design by Analogy means comparison of similar features/ functions of two or more things A potentially powerful tool in idea generation (ideation) Source: prepublication version of: Moreno, D. P. , Hernandez, A. , Yang, M. C. , Otto, K. N. , Holtta-Otto, K. , Linsey, J. S. , Wood, K. L. , and Linden, A. (2014) “Fundamental Studies in Design-By-Analogy: A Focus on Domain-Knowledge Experts and Applications to Transactional Design Problems, ” Design Studies, 35(3): 232 -272. 06 October 2020 Copyright @GTU - Centre for Industrial Design 4

DESIGN BY ANALOGY • Analogy association processes promote new inferences and problem understanding. • Analogical association and retrieval in human cognition depend on how a problem is represented, where previous research shows that multiple representations facilitate analogical reasoning. • Examples of innovative systems and products based on analogies may be found in practice and in the literature like: 06 October 2020 Copyright @GTU - Centre for Industrial Design 5

DESIGN BY ANALOGY ü Bio-inspired products-flippers (analogues to aquatic bird legs) ü Velcro (analogues to Arctium plants) 06 October 2020 Copyright @GTU - Centre for Industrial Design 6

DESIGN BY ANALOGY Types of Analogies • Synonym to antonym: hot is to cold • Part to whole: core is to apple • Function to thing: cook is to stove • Characteristic to thing: slippery is to ice • Product to thing: milk is to cow 06 October 2020 Copyright @GTU - Centre for Industrial Design 7

DESIGN BY ANALOGY Types of Analogies ü On is to off as start is to _____. ü stop, opposites ü Nail is to finger as hair is to _____. ü head, part to whole ü Eye is to see as ear is to ______. ü hear, thing to function ü Swift is to deer as slow is to _____. ü turtle, characteristic to thing ü Wool is to sheep as egg is to _____. ü chicken, product to thing 06 October 2020 Copyright @GTU - Centre for Industrial Design 8

DESIGN BY ANALOGY Example of Analogy Problem Description Analogy Concept Device that allows repeatable printing Wine Press 06 October 2020 Copyright @GTU - Centre for Industrial Design Gutenberg Printing Press 9

DESIGN BY ANALOGY Problem Description Analogy Concept Device that secures and cuts unwieldy materials such as tree branches Alligator Jaws 06 October 2020 Copyright @GTU - Centre for Industrial Design Black & Decker Alligator Lopper 10

DESIGN BY ANALOGY Problem Description Analogy Concept New sail that includes appropriate flexibility but also rigidity Bat Wing Ship Sails 06 October 2020 Copyright @GTU - Centre for Industrial Design 11

DESIGN BY ANALOGY Biological Analogy from Functional Similarity Bipolar Plate Flow Field Veins www. lrdc. pitt. edu/schunn/innov 2006/talks/Wood. ppt Lamina (Blade) www. raymondchow. ca/ gallery/leaf. jpg 06 October 2020 Copyright @GTU - Centre for Industrial Design 12

DESIGN BY ANALOGY Reference [1] prepublication version of: Moreno, D. P. , Hernandez, A. , Yang, M. C. , Otto, K. N. , Holtta-Otto, K. , Linsey, J. S. , Wood, K. L. , and Linden, A. (2014) “Fundamental Studies in Design-By-Analogy: A Focus on Domain-Knowledge Experts and Applications to Transactional Design Problems, ” Design Studies, 35(3): 232 -272. [2] www. lrdc. pitt. edu/schunn/innov 2006/talks/Wood. ppt 06 October 2020 Copyright @GTU - Centre for Industrial Design 13

Thank you ü Should you have any query, kindly write us at: design@gtu. edu. in ü For more information, kindly visit us at: http: //de. gtu. ac. in/ 06 October 2020 Copyright @GTU - Centre for Industrial Design 14