Descriptive Epidemiology Patterns in a Population Hypotheses 4

Descriptive Epidemiology Patterns in a Population Hypotheses 4

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Obesity Trends Among U. S. Adults Between 1985 and 2010 1 Descriptive Epidemiology SURVEILLANCE - Source of the Maps: The data shown in these maps were collected through CDCs Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS). Each year, state health departments use standard procedures to collect data through a series of telephone interviews with U. S. adults. Height and weight data are self-reported. http: //www. cdc. gov/obesity/data/adult. html 6

Body Mass Index 7

Obesity Trends* Among U. S. Adults BRFSS, 1985 (*BMI ≥ 30, or ~ 30 lbs. overweight for 5’ 4” person) No Data <10% 10%– 14% Source: Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, CDC.

Obesity Trends* Among U. S. Adults BRFSS, 1986 (*BMI ≥ 30, or ~ 30 lbs. overweight for 5’ 4” person) No Data <10% 10%– 14% Source: Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, CDC.

Obesity Trends* Among U. S. Adults BRFSS, 1987 (*BMI ≥ 30, or ~ 30 lbs. overweight for 5’ 4” person) No Data <10% 10%– 14% Source: Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, CDC.

Obesity Trends* Among U. S. Adults BRFSS, 1988 (*BMI ≥ 30, or ~ 30 lbs. overweight for 5’ 4” person) No Data <10% 10%– 14% Source: Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, CDC.

Obesity Trends* Among U. S. Adults BRFSS, 1989 (*BMI ≥ 30, or ~ 30 lbs. overweight for 5’ 4” person) No Data <10% 10%– 14% Source: Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, CDC.

Obesity Trends* Among U. S. Adults BRFSS, 1990 (*BMI ≥ 30, or ~ 30 lbs. overweight for 5’ 4” person) No Data <10% 10%– 14% Source: Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, CDC.

Obesity Trends* Among U. S. Adults BRFSS, 1991 (*BMI ≥ 30, or ~ 30 lbs. overweight for 5’ 4” person) No Data <10% 10%– 14% 15%– 19% Source: Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, CDC.

Obesity Trends* Among U. S. Adults BRFSS, 1992 (*BMI ≥ 30, or ~ 30 lbs. overweight for 5’ 4” person) No Data <10% 10%– 14% 15%– 19% Source: Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, CDC.

Obesity Trends* Among U. S. Adults BRFSS, 1993 (*BMI ≥ 30, or ~ 30 lbs. overweight for 5’ 4” person) No Data <10% 10%– 14% 15%– 19% Source: Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, CDC.

Obesity Trends* Among U. S. Adults BRFSS, 1994 (*BMI ≥ 30, or ~ 30 lbs. overweight for 5’ 4” person) No Data <10% 10%– 14% 15%– 19% Source: Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, CDC.

Obesity Trends* Among U. S. Adults BRFSS, 1995 (*BMI ≥ 30, or ~ 30 lbs. overweight for 5’ 4” person) No Data <10% 10%– 14% 15%– 19% Source: Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, CDC.

Obesity Trends* Among U. S. Adults BRFSS, 1996 (*BMI ≥ 30, or ~ 30 lbs. overweight for 5’ 4” person) No Data <10% 10%– 14% 15%– 19% Source: Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, CDC.

Obesity Trends* Among U. S. Adults BRFSS, 1997 (*BMI ≥ 30, or ~ 30 lbs. overweight for 5’ 4” person) No Data <10% 10%– 14% Source: Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, CDC. 15%– 19% ≥ 20%

Obesity Trends* Among U. S. Adults BRFSS, 1998 (*BMI ≥ 30, or ~ 30 lbs. overweight for 5’ 4” person) No Data <10% 10%– 14% Source: Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, CDC. 15%– 19% ≥ 20%

Obesity Trends* Among U. S. Adults BRFSS, 1999 (*BMI ≥ 30, or ~ 30 lbs. overweight for 5’ 4” person) No Data <10% 10%– 14% Source: Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, CDC. 15%– 19% ≥ 20%

Obesity Trends* Among U. S. Adults BRFSS, 2000 (*BMI ≥ 30, or ~ 30 lbs. overweight for 5’ 4” person) No Data <10% 10%– 14% Source: Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, CDC. 15%– 19% ≥ 20%

Obesity Trends* Among U. S. Adults BRFSS, 2001 (*BMI ≥ 30, or ~ 30 lbs. overweight for 5’ 4” person) No Data ≥ 25% <10% 10%– 14% 15%– 19% Source: Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, CDC. 20%– 24%

Obesity Trends* Among U. S. Adults BRFSS, 2002 (*BMI ≥ 30, or ~ 30 lbs. overweight for 5’ 4” person) No Data ≥ 25% <10% 10%– 14% 15%– 19% Source: Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, CDC. 20%– 24%

Obesity Trends* Among U. S. Adults BRFSS, 2003 (*BMI ≥ 30, or ~ 30 lbs. overweight for 5’ 4” person) No Data ≥ 25% <10% 10%– 14% 15%– 19% Source: Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, CDC. 20%– 24%

Obesity Trends* Among U. S. Adults BRFSS, 2004 (*BMI ≥ 30, or ~ 30 lbs. overweight for 5’ 4” person) No Data ≥ 25% <10% 10%– 14% 15%– 19% Source: Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, CDC. 20%– 24%

Obesity Trends* Among U. S. Adults BRFSS, 2005 (*BMI ≥ 30, or ~ 30 lbs. overweight for 5’ 4” person) No Data 25%– 29% <10% ≥ 30% 10%– 14% 15%– 19% Source: Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, CDC. 20%– 24%

Obesity Trends* Among U. S. Adults BRFSS, 2006 (*BMI ≥ 30, or ~ 30 lbs. overweight for 5’ 4” person) No Data 25%– 29% <10% ≥ 30% 10%– 14% 15%– 19% Source: Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, CDC. 20%– 24%

Obesity Trends* Among U. S. Adults BRFSS, 2007 (*BMI ≥ 30, or ~ 30 lbs. overweight for 5’ 4” person) No Data 25%– 29% <10% ≥ 30% 10%– 14% 15%– 19% Source: Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, CDC. 20%– 24%

Obesity Trends* Among U. S. Adults BRFSS, 2008 (*BMI ≥ 30, or ~ 30 lbs. overweight for 5’ 4” person) No Data 25%– 29% <10% ≥ 30% 10%– 14% 15%– 19% Source: Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, CDC. 20%– 24%

Obesity Trends* Among U. S. Adults BRFSS, 2009 (*BMI ≥ 30, or ~ 30 lbs. overweight for 5’ 4” person) No Data 25%– 29% <10% ≥ 30% 10%– 14% 15%– 19% Source: Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, CDC. 20%– 24%

Obesity Trends* Among U. S. Adults BRFSS, 2010 (*BMI ≥ 30, or ~ 30 lbs. overweight for 5’ 4” person) No Data 25%– 29% <10% ≥ 30% 10%– 14% 15%– 19% Source: Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, CDC. 20%– 24%

Obesity Trends* Among U. S. Adults BRFSS, 1990, 2000, 2010 (*BMI 30, or about 30 lbs. overweight for 5’ 4” person) 2000 1990 2010 No Data 29% <10% ≥ 30% 10%– 14% 15%– 19% Source: Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, CDC. 20%– 24% 25%–

Prevalence* of Self-Reported Obesity Among U. S. Adults BRFSS, 2012 *Prevalence reflects BRFSS methodological changes in 2011, and these estimates should not be compared to those before 2011. 15%–<20% 20%–<25% ≥ 35% Source: Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, CDC. 25%–<30% 30%–<35%

Descriptive Epidemiology Hypothesis Generation 36

Lower Cost of Junk Food Too Busy to Exercise Sugar Television Modern Electronic Devices Descriptive Epidemiology Hypothesis Generation Genes Fast Food Cars Vending Machines Serving Sizes High Density Residential Housing Desk Jobs Food Advertisements 37

Test Hypotheses Identify Associations Analytical Epidemiology 40

New Report Highlights Link Between Low Income and Childhood Obesity Proximity to Convenience Stores Fosters Child Obesity, Study Finds Sleep-Deprived Teens Eat More Fat, Study Finds Little Sleep May Not Cause Obesity Are Driving and Minecraft Causing the Obesity Epidemic? Cheaper Food May Be fueling US Obesity Epidemic Descriptive Epidemiology Hypothesis Generation Analytical Epidemiology Higher Risk of Obesity Among Teens with More Video-Game Playing Sugar is Enemy #1 For Causing Diabetes and Obesity, Say Experts 41

Association Is Not Necessarily Causation Multiple Causal Factors Weight of Evidence 44

Descriptive Epidemiology Immediate Cause Take in more energy (calories) than you burn through exercise and normal daily activities Underlying Causes A complex interaction between, environment, genetic predisposition, and human behavior Hypothesis Generation Analytical Epidemiology Causal Judgment 45

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Decisions 50

Government vs. freedom of choice Descriptive Epidemiology Quality of the scientific evidence Cultural and social meaning Hypothesis Generation Health & welfare of minors Psychological well-being Analytical Epidemiology Personal responsibility Societal resources Causal Judgment Health of others Self image Decision Making Equality Privacy Justice 51

Define and Measure Success Benefits, Costs, Consequences 54

Descriptive Epidemiology Hypothesis Generation Analytical Epidemiology Causal Judgment Decision Making Evaluation of Strategy 55

Descriptive Epidemiology Hypothesis Generation Analytical Epidemiology Causal Judgment Decision Making Evaluation of Strategy 56

Descriptive Epidemiology Hypothesis Generation Analytical Epidemiology Causal Judgment Decision Making Evaluation of Strategy 57