Descriptive Cataloging Using RDA Module 1 Introduction Concepts

Descriptive Cataloging Using RDA Module 1 Introduction, Concepts, and Tools Cooperative and Instructional Programs Division Library of Congress 2014 1

Acknowledgements ¡ This course is the product of collaboration between l l Tim Carlton, Cooperative and Instructional Programs Division, Library of Congress Ingrid Hsieh-Yee, Ph. D. , Dept. of Library & Information Science, Catholic University of America 2

About This Material ¡ This training material has been created for a primary audience of Library of Congress staff. l Other audiences are welcome to adapt and utilize it as they see fit. However, it should be understood that it reflects LC policies, and should not be interpreted to either prohibit or require specific practices for other libraries or organizations. 3

Preamble – Scope and Target Audience ¡ ¡ ¡ This curriculum is a conceptual overview of the basics of descriptive cataloging The intended audience is those persons who have little or no experience doing descriptive cataloging. Although primarily conceptual, it includes coverage of some significant details of RDA l It is not expected that trainees be fully-functioning catalogers upon completion. Rather, trainees should be able to understand basic concepts, navigate RDA, and, like good librarians, know how to further their education. 4

Learning Objectives ¡ ¡ Why Do We Catalog? Describing Resources Historical Overview of Cataloging Codes Cataloging Tools 5

Unit 1: Why Do We Catalog? ¡ Why do you think? ¡ Let’s brainstorm for a few minutes … l Hint: Think about users and catalogers 6

Some Possible Answers ¡ ¡ ¡ To help people find things To know what we have in our collections To categorize and classify our resources To provide access To develop taxonomies and controlled vocabularies To transfer information To facilitate standardization To enable machine manipulation To collocate Because Google can’t do everything and more … 7

What Others Have Said ¡ ‘to enable a person to find a book; to show what the library has; to assist in the choice of a book’ l ¡ ‘to make the greatest number of items readily available to the greatest number of potential users … the differentiation of the individual item’ l ¡ (Downing, 1981) ‘to record, describe, and index the holdings of a specific collection’ l ¡ (Cutter, 1876) (Wynar, 1985) to address the FRBR and FRAD User Tasks l Find, Identify, Select, Obtain, Contextualize, Justify 8

Unit 2: Describing Resources ¡ How do we describe anything? How do we describe bibliographic resources? ¡ As we do these exercises, consider: ¡ l Isn’t the act of describing, really, an attempt to categorize and distinguish? 9

How Do We Describe Anything? ¡ How would you describe this thing? ¡ Or, you might think of it this way: l “What are the characteristics that distinguish this thing from something else? ” 10

How Do We Describe Anything – Continued ¡ ¡ That thing we just described … Do those ways of describing that thing have ‘parallels’ for bibliographic resources? l Think about ‘parallels’ broadly 11

How Do We Describe Bibliographic Resources? ¡ ¡ ¡ What are the important parts of a resource? i. e. , What are the important components of a bibliographic record? ‘What are the characteristics that distinguish one resource from another’ l ¡ Later, we’ll use terms such as work, expression, and manifestation How are these characteristics recorded, using MARC? 12

Looking at Surrogates ¡ Let’s look at ‘surrogates’ and think about what components are ‘important’ l ¡ FRBR User Tasks provide a framework for deciding what is helpful l ¡ i. e. , “What is ‘worth’ including in a catalog record? ” or, “What is helpful to a user? ” Find; Identify; Select; Obtain Note: the following records were cataloged using AACR 2, not RDA 13

Book • What are the different elements on this title page? • Which of these do you think should be included in a catalog record? 14

Book • Are there any elements on this ‘title page verso’ that you think should be included in a catalog record? 15

Book – LC OPAC Full Display 16

Book – LC OPAC MARC Display ¡ Here is a different display of a portion of the same record; it is the “MARC Tags” view from the LC OPAC, and shows only some of the ‘descriptive’ elements we talked about on the previous slide. 17

Sound Recording • What are the different elements on this sound disk? • Also, what do you not see that you would expect to see? • Which of these should be included in a catalog record? 18

Sound Recording – LC OPAC Full Display 19

Sound Recording – LC OPAC MARC Display ¡ Again, here is the “MARC Tags” view from the LC OPAC, showing only some of the ‘descriptive’ elements we talked about on the previous slide. 20

DVD • What are the different elements on this DVD? • Which do you think should be included in a catalog record? 21

DVD – OCLC Display ¡ Here is an OCLC display of a portion of the record, showing the elements we discussed on the previous slide – and many more! 22

Unit 3: Historical Overview of Cataloging Codes ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ Antonio Panizzi Charles Cutter ALA AACR ISBD(M) Anglo American Cataloguing Rules, Second Edition Resource Description and Access Subject Cataloging and Classification For Further Reading 23

Antonio Panizzi ¡ ¡ 91 Rules for Standardizing the Cataloguing of Books (1841) British Museum First major English-language cataloguing code http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Anthony_ Panizzi 24

Charles A. Cutter ¡ ¡ ¡ Rules for a Dictionary Catalog (1876) First principles of cataloguing Objectives of the catalogue Entry and Description Collocation function l l l ¡ Find a ‘book’ Show what the ‘library’ has Assist in the choice of a ‘book’ http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Charles_ Ammi_Cutter 25

American Library Association ¡ Catalog Rules: Author and Title Entries l ¡ ¡ ¡ “ALA Rules” 1908; 1941; 1949 In conjunction with LC production of catalog cards Distinct parts of rules for entry and description 26

Anglo-American Cataloging Rules ¡ ¡ ¡ British Library; Canadian Library Association; Library of Congress 1967 Three parts l l l Entry and Heading Description Non-Book Materials 27

ISBD(M) ¡ ¡ ¡ International Standard Bibliographic Description for Monographic Publications 1974 “internationally accepted framework” Goal: result in records that are convertible into machine-readable form Assigned an order to the elements System of punctuation 28

Anglo-American Cataloging Rules, Second Edition -- ‘AACR 2’ ¡ ¡ ¡ ALA; (British) Library Association; British Library; Canadian Committee on Cataloging; Library of Congress 1978; 1988; 1998; 2002 Goals l l l ¡ Consolidate British and American versions Incorporate changes to AACR Promote international interest Facilitate machine treatment Apply to non-book materials Description and Headings 29

RDA: Resource Description and Access ¡ ¡ ¡ ALA; Canadian Library Association; Chartered Institute of Library and Information Professionals 2009 Closely tied to FRBR/FRAD concepts l l ¡ User tasks Entities Attributes = “Elements” Relationships All types of content and media 30

Subject Cataloging and Classification ¡ ¡ Library of Congress Subject Headings A Classification and Subject Index for Cataloging and Arranging Books and Pamphlets in a Library l l l ¡ “Dewey Decimal System” Melvil Dewey Public and small academic libraries Library of Congress Classification l Most research and academic libraries 31

For Further Reading ¡ ¡ ¡ The Conceptual Foundations of Descriptive Cataloging. Edited by Elaine Svenonius. San Diego: Academic Press, 1989. Foundations of Cataloging: A Sourcebook. Edited by Michael Carpenter and Elaine Svenonius. Littleton, Colo. : Libraries Unlimited, 1985. Encyclopedia of Library and Information Science. 3 rd ed. Edited by Marcia J. Bates and Mary Niles Maack. Boca Raton: Taylor and Francis, 2009. Last updated Aug. 10, 2012. (Available online or in print) 32

Unit 4. Descriptive Cataloging Tools ¡ ¡ ¡ Resource Description & Access (RDA) Library of Congress-Program for Cooperative Cataloging Policy Statements (LC-PCC PS) MARC … and beyond 33

Resource Description & Access ¡ Covered in detail in a later sequence of courses in this curriculum 34

Library of Congress-Program for Cooperative Cataloging Policy Statements ¡ ¡ Interpretation and application of RDA Jointly crafted by LC and the Program for Cooperative Cataloging l “PCC is an international cooperative effort aimed at expanding access to library collections by providing useful, timely, and cost-effective cataloging that meets mutually-accepted standards of libraries around the world” l BIBCO, CONSER, NACO, SACO l Conducts specialized training and mentoring l http: //www. loc. gov/aba/pcc/ 35

MARC … and beyond ¡ ¡ MARC Bibliographic Framework Initiative (in development) 36

MARC ¡ ¡ MAchine-Readable Cataloging ‘markup language for catalogers’ Understanding MARC Bibliographic l l l http: //www. loc. gov/marc/umb/ Online resource for learning about MARC Source for the brief overview that follows 37

MARC – Why is a MARC Record Necessary? ¡ Why can't a computer just read a catalog card? ¡ The computer needs a way of interpreting the information in a catalog record. A MARC record contains a guide to its data, or "signposts, " before each piece of bibliographic information. ¡ The place provided for each of these pieces of bibliographic information (author, title, call number, etc. ) is called a "field. " 38

MARC – Why is a MARC Record Necessary? ¡ ¡ If a record has been marked correctly … l programs can be written to format the information for printed catalog cards or for display on a computer screen l programs can be written to search for certain kinds of information. Using the MARC standard prevents duplication and allows libraries to better share bibliographic resources. 39

MARC – Content Designation -- Tags ¡ Each bibliographic record is divided logically into “fields” (author, title, publisher, etc. ). ¡ Each field is associated with a 3 -digit number called a "tag. " A tag identifies the field -- the kind of data -- that follows. l ¡ Though online catalogs may display the names of the elements, those names are supplied by the system software, not by the MARC record (remember the record examples). Each field is subdivided into one or more "subfields. " 40

MARC – Content Designation -- Indicators ¡ Two character positions follow each tag. One or both of these character positions may be used for “indicators. ” ¡ The indicators are used to convey more coded information about the field. ¡ Each indicator value is a number from 0 to 9. The allowable values and their meanings are spelled out in MARC 21 documentation. 41

MARC – Content Designation – Example for 245 ¡ 245 14 $a The emperor's new clothes / $c adapted from Hans Christian Andersen and illustrated by Janet Stevens. ¡ In this field: l the tag 245 defines this as a title field l the next 2 digits -- 14 -- are indicator values ¡ ¡ ¡ The first indicator (1) provides separate access to the resource through the title The second indicator (4) displays the number of leading characters to be disregarded by the computer in the sorting and filing process Blanks are indicated in documentation by # 42

MARC – Content Designation – Subfields ¡ Most fields contain several related pieces of data. Each piece is called a “subfield, ” and each subfield is preceded by a “subfield code”. Each code indicates what type of data follows. ¡ The subfields are separated by characters called “delimiters. ” l ¡ Software programs and documentation use different characters to represent the delimiter (most commonly, as below, the dollar sign). Example: l 300 ## $a 675 p. : $b ill. ; $c 24 cm. 43

MARC – Tag Hundreds ¡ The broad divisions of the MARC 21 record are l 0 XX Control information, numbers, codes l 1 XX Main entry/Heading l 2 XX Titles, editions, imprints l 3 XX Physical description, etc. l 4 XX Series statements (as seen on the resource) l 5 XX Notes l 6 XX Subject access points l 7 XX Access points other than subjects or series l 8 XX Series access points 44

MARC – Some Commonly-Used Fields l l l 010 020 1 XX 245 250 264 300 490 500 650 7 XX Library of Congress Control Number (LCCN) International Standard Book Number (ISBN) Creator access point Title information Edition Publication information Physical description Series statements (as seen on the resource) Notes Topical subject heading Contributor access point 45

MARC – Access Points ¡ Access points are an important part of the record. These are the “headings” for which a patron can search in an online catalog. l 1 XX fields (formerly called main entries) l 4 XX fields (series statements) l 6 XX fields (subject headings) l 7 XX fields (formerly called added entries) l 8 XX fields (formerly called series added entries) 46

MARC – Parallel Construction ¡ ¡ Access points use parallel tag construction: l X 00 Personal names l X 10 Corporate names l X 11 Meeting names l X 30 Uniform titles l X 40 Bibliographic titles l X 50 Topical terms l X 51 Geographic names For example, a main entry (1 XX) that is a personal name (X 00), is coded as 100. 47

MARC – Subfield Patterns ¡ Generally, there are patterns in subfield coding ¡ $a is the first subfield, and usually represents the ‘key’ data in the field l ¡ Often, there is a mnemonic structure l ¡ e. g. , the name; the title; the ISBN; the subject e. g. , $d for date; $n for numbering; $p for part; $l for language Consistency in coding subject subdivisions l topical, chronological, geographical, form 48

Bibliographic Framework Initiative ¡ ¡ An undertaking by the Library of Congress and the community to transition from MARC to a different bibliographic framework Intended to accommodate varying views of data l l l FRBR for libraries DACS for archives CCO for museums 49

Bibliographic Framework Initiative ¡ ¡ Provide an alternative to the deeply embedded MARC formats More compatible with the Web-based and Linked-Data environment ¡ Start examining on your own ¡ http: //www. loc. gov/bibframe/ 50