Description Stools become hard and difficult to expel

Description Stools become hard and difficult to expel Causes ● Too little dietary fibre – dietary fibre absorbs water, making stools easy to pass ● Insufficient water intake. Water is required to make stools soft Symptoms ● Infrequent bowel movements ● Stomach cramps

Description Swollen blood vessels are evident inside or around the rectum and anus Causes Symptoms ● Too little dietary fibre ● Pain and discomfort ● Not enough water when intake expelling ● Excessive pushing when stools trying to expel waste from the body, due to constipation ● Sitting for too long increases pressure on blood vessels in the anus ● Pregnancy – growing baby increases pressure on blood vessels in lower pelvic area, causing them to swell ● Itchiness around anus ● Some blood loss when expelling stools

Description Causes Small pouches called diverticula develop in the walls of the intestine. They can fill with food waste, bacteria acts on this food waste, producing acids and gasses, causing the diverticula to inflame. ● Lack of dietary fibre ● Poor water intake Symptoms ● Bloating ● Pain and discomfort ● Some blood loss in stools, severe DD can lead to anaemia

Description Starts as polyps(growths) on the bowel wall. Most polyps are not cancerous, but over time some can develop into colon cancer, which can be fatal if detected at the later stages Causes Symptoms ● Lack of dietary ● Visiting the fibre toilet more often ● Too little water intake ● Stomach cramps ● A diet high in saturated fat ● Some blood loss in stools ● Weight loss ● Bloating

Trigger Description Irregular muscle contractions I bowel (spasms) Causes ● Exact cause unknown but often associated with a diet lacking fibre ● Trigger foods such as citrus fruits and spicy foods often heighten the symptoms Symptoms ● Bloating ● Diarrhoea ● Stomach cramps ● Constipation ● Excessive flatulence

2016, HL, Section B, Q 1

Definition A condition where a person’s weight is 20% or more over their recommended weight, based on their height. At present 66% of Irish men and 53% of Irish women over the age of 18 are considered overweight or obese. 18% of Irish adolescents and 22% of Irish children are considered overweight or obese.

Causes ● Incorrect energy balance ● Hormonal imbalances ● Poor food choices ● Medication ●Lack of physical exercise ● Emotional/psychological issues Check your textbook for further detail on the above points

Health Risks

Treatment ● Increase daily exercise, minimum 1 hour for children and young teenagers, 30 minutes for older teenagers, adults and older people ● Follow a balanced, low calorie diet

Dietary Guidelines to Reduce Obesity ● Eat a balanced, low calorie diet by following the food pyramid ● Reduce intake of high fat foods eg. butter, cream, use low fat alternatives instead ● Check your portion sizes ● Increase intake of fruit and vegetables – low in fat, fewer calories ● Avoid refined carbohydrates, especially those high in sugar eg biscuits and cakes. Excess sugar is converted into fat in the body, replace with whole grains ● Avoid takeaways and processed foods – high in saturated fat and calories – choose home made equivalents ● Avoid fizzy drinks, reduce alcohol consumption – empty kilocalories ● Bake, steam or grill food instead of frying

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