Description Narration Exposition appearance and feelings events and

Description Narration Exposition appearance and feelings events and experiences processes and relationships Argumentation To convince the audience are interesting and teamwork is significant

Exposition It often answers the questions how? And why?

Exposition To explain by logic specific subject details order clarity

Contents 1. Illustration 2. Comparison and Contrast 3. Cause and Effect 4. Division and Classification 5. Definition 6. Sample Presentation

Illustration Specific and typical, interesting and relevant Examples • help your audience understand your point, • help convince them of it • add interest to your essay.

Examples Statement My aunt is a stingy person. Example Last night at my birthday party, my aunt only gave me a banana as my birthday present.

Comparison and Contrast Similarities and Differences

Comparison Contrast alike different Subject-by-subject Point-by-point block alternative simple complex balanced detailed Comparison and Contrast

Comparison and Contrast 1. block comparison / block contrast (整体性比较/对比) A B Complex 2. alternating comparison / alternating contrast (交替性比较/对比) Simple A/B A/B 3. analogy 比拟 A abstract striking likeness B

Sample 19 Study Beethoven and Lennon Transitions to emphasize similarities: like, likewise, similarly, in the same way, also, both, as, just as… Transitions to emphasize differences : instead, rather, than, unlike, however, but, although, in contrast …

Quite similar in certain ways One of the greatest musician although thus Quite different in many ways Point : both men express the spirit of their time in their music Point : both men were social rebels to some extent Their names Point : both men led to great are inscribed on leaps in the history of music the monument to the history of Point : Beethoven’s way to music success was much harder Point : Their ending were also very different

Cause and Effect 1. Multiple causes with a single effect 2. Multiple causes with multiple effects Cause 1 Effect Cause 2 Cause 3 e. g. High blood pressure, stress, obesity, and lack of exercise all contribute to heart disease.

Cause and Effect 1. Multiple causes with a single effect 2. Multiple causes with multiple effects Cause 1 Effect 1 Cause 2 Effect 2 Cause 3 Effect 3 e. g. An unstable economy, lack of food and clothing, and a complete mistrust of the government led to Chaos, domestic dispute and economic recession.

statistics frame Phenomenon Problem Why? Thesis Analysis CauseⅠ Detail reasons CauseⅡ ⅠⅡⅢ… Detail Significance Conclusion

According to official statistics, more than 10, 000 people in the country were killed in car accidents last year. The increasing rate of car accidents can be attributed to three general causes. Mechanical problems of cars, such as faulty brakes, bald tires, and flat tires, contribute to the high rate of car accidents. Environmental problems, such as blind corners, narrow streets, heavy fog, slippery roads cause a significant number of disasters. Such errors of human problems as excessive speed and drunken driving are considered the major factor of the fatal accidents. If drivers had been careful, many needless slaughters in car accidents could have been avoided. With a subjunctive sentence, the paragraph makes the Describes the phenomenon Cause 1 Cause 2 The topic sentence indicates that the. Cause 3 paragraph suggestion that drivers should be careful. focuses on the causes.

cause Expressions effect 1 Because of 1 Consequently 2 Now that 2 Accordingly 3 Owing to 3 So as to 4 Due to 4 Hence 5 Thanks to 5 Have an effect on 6 Out of 6 Result in 7 Be responsible for 7 It follow that 8 Result from 8 Lead to 9 Follow from 9 Contribute to 10 A consequence of 10 Attribute to

Division —to deal with one thing; to separate the whole into parts. Emphasize on distinctions or differences Orchestra 管弦乐队 Strings 弦乐器 Woodwinds Brass 笛子类乐器 铜管乐器 Division (分类法） Percussion 打击乐器

Classification—to organize things that share certain qualities; to group things systematically. Emphasize on similarities Movies Romance Comedy Action Animation Classification(归类法） Horror

Definition • 1. Tells readers. Connotation what term is being defined. • 2. Presents a clear and precise basic warmth, shelter, definition. parents, comfort, safety • 3. Uses examples to show what the writer means. Denotation • 4. Uses words that readers the place where one lives home and examples will understand. Synonym Sentence Paragraph essay

Definition DEFINITION STATEMENT Many students behave like zombies. Student “zombies” are the ones who walk into class late, without books or papers, and sit in the very last row of class listening to music. 14 - 20

Sample Presentation

Sample 21: Why I Want a Wife Structure Causes Typical Examples Purpose

Sample 24 Practical and Poetic People

Sample 30 What is Poverty?

Group Presentation: 1. Three words and one sentence 2. Try one food and make a “how-to” essay to introduce the eating steps. (alternative) 3. Make a comparison essay based on the topic sentence “The qualities of a good writer mirror the qualities of a good dancer. ” (alternative)