Derived Nouns and Adjectives Georgia Center for Language

Derived Nouns and Adjectives Georgia Center for Language

Overview Outline n Part I Verbal Nouns Active Participles Passive Participles Nouns of Place and Time n Part II Nouns of Instance Nouns of Intensity and Profession Nouns of Instruments, Vehicles, and Vessels Relative Adjectives (Nisba) Nouns of Concept (Feminine Nisba)

Derived Nouns and Adjectives Noun: a word that is the name of something (as in a person (Bob), animal (cat), place (field), thing (pencil), quality (goodness), idea (feminism) or action (spitting). Adjective: a word typically serving as a modifier of a noun to denote a quality of the thing named (the barbarous tribes), to indicate its quantity or extent (the vast armies), or to specify a thing as distinct from something else (the Roman legion).

Derived Nouns and Adjectives Part I Verbal Nouns Active Participles Passive Participles Nouns of Place and Time

The Verbal Noun ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ n Meaning and Use In English, we make nouns out of verbs by adding noun-forming suffixes, of which there are more than twenty: n n “-tion”: Hibernate/Hibernation; Qualify/Qualification Gerund suffix “-ing”: Bake/Baking; Cook/Cooking “-ant”: Defend/Defendant; Claim/Claimant More Suffixes The Arabic ﻣﺼﺪﺭ serves the same function as the English noun-forming suffix. Arabic has a small set of predictable, fixed noun-forming patterns, with one verbal noun pattern for each measure, with the exception of measure I.

Verbal Nouns I-X Measure I () n n More than 40 forms exist. Most common forms: = ﻭ=ﻭ = ﺍ Measure II ( ) ﻴ=ﻴ

Verbal Nouns I-X Measure III ( )ﺍ = ﺍ ﺍ=ﺍ Measure IV ( )ﺃ ﺍ=ﺍ Measure V ( ) = Measure VI ( )ﺍ =

Verbal Nouns I-X Measure VII () ﺍ=ﺍ Measure VIII () ﺍ = ﺍ Measure IX () ﺍ = ﺍ Measure X () ﺍ=ﺍ

The Active Participle ﺍﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ Meaning and Use n Noun: the doer of the action of the verb To write = writer = ﻛﺎ n Adjective: attributes the description of the verb’s meaning to the noun it modifies To be clear (verb) = clear (adjective) ﻭﺍﻀﺢ = ﻭﻀﺢ

Active Participles Measure I n n n Sound verbs ﻛﺎﺘﺐ = ﻛﺘﺐ Hollow verbs ( ﻗﺎﺋﻞ = ﻗﺎﻝ )ﻗﻮﻝ Assimilated verbs ﻭﺍﻀﺢ = ﻭﻀﺢ Defective verbs ﻗﺎ )ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻀﻲ( = ﻗﻀﻰ Doubled verbs ﻤﺎ = ﻤ

Active Participles for Measures II-X n Formed by adding the prefix and voweling the second radical of the root with the kesra II – ﺱ III – ﻗﺎﻝ IV – ﺛﺭ V – ﺘﻌﻡ VI – ﺘﻨﺎﻉ VII – ﻨﺴﺏ VIII – ﺭﺘﻉ IX X - ﺴﺘﻌﻝ

The Passive Participle ﺍﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﻌﻮﻝ Meaning and Use n Something that has undergone the action of the verb Noun n To employ = employee (one who has been employed) ﻑ=ﻑ Adjective n n n To write = written (something that has been written) ﺘﻮﺏ = ﻛﺘﺐ

Passive Participles Measure I n Sound verbs n Hollow verbs n Assimilated verbs n Defective Verbs n Doubled Verbs ﺘﻮﺏ = ﻛﺘﺐ ( ﺯﻭﺭ = ﺯﺍﺭ )ﺯﻭﺭ ( ﺒﻴﻊ = ﺒﺎﻉ )ﺒﻴﻊ ﺟﻮﺩ = ﻭﺟﺪ ﻗﻀ = ﻗﻀﻲ ﻋ = ﺩﻋﺎ ﻗﻮ ﻕ = ﺣ

Passive Participles for Measures II-X n Formed by adding the prefix and voweling the second radical of the root with a fatha II – ﻭ ﻑ III – ﻧﺎﺵ IV – ﻋﻥ V– ﻡ VI – ﻗﺎﻝ VIII – ﻗﺘﺡ X – ﺴﺘﻌﻝ

The Noun of Place and Time ﺍﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﻥ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﺎﻥ Meaning and use n n Show the location or time of the action of the verb Patterns for Measure I = = = n Patterns for Measures II-X follow the pattern of the passive participle

Other Derived Nouns Part II Nouns of Instance Nouns of Intensity and Profession Nouns of Instruments, Vehicles, and Vessels Relative Adjectives (Nisba) Nouns of Concept (Feminine Nisba)

The Noun of Instance ﺍﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﺓ Meaning and Use n Nouns of Instance are used to indicate one occurrence of the meaning of the verb. To strike = a strike or hit = ﺒﺔ To punch = a hit or punch = ﻤﺔ To sit = session = ﺴﺔ

The Noun of Intensity and Profession ﺍﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﻟﻐﺔ Meaning and Use n Nouns of Intensity and Profession denote intensive meaning of the active participle. Verb = Active Participle = Noun of Intensity/Profession To do = Doer = Effective (Done very well) = ﺍﻝ To cook = one who is cooking = chef (professional cook) = ﺍﺥ To steal = thief = professional thief = ﺍﻕ To shoot = shooter = sharpshooter = ﺍﺹ = ﻗﺎﻨﺺ

Nouns of Intensity and Profession ﻋﻴ ﺒﻴﺮ , ﻋﻴﻢ n ﺩﻴﺚ , ﺒﻴﺮ n n Other patterns Schulz pg. 74

The Noun of Instruments, Vehicles, and Vessels ﺍﺳﻢ ﺍﻵﻠﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻮﻋﺎﺀ Meaning and Use n The feminine form of the Nouns of Intensity and Profession often denote Instruments and Vehicles. Verb = Noun of Intensity/Profession = Noun of Instrument/Vehicle = ﺍﻟﺔ = ﺍﻝ To dive = professional diver = submarine ( ﺍﺻﺔ = ﺍﺹ = ﻏﺎﺹ )ﻏﻮﺹ To wash = launderer (profession) = washing machine = ﺍﻟﺔ = ﺍﻝ

Nouns of Instrument, Vehicles and Vessels Other patterns = ﺍ = ﻋﺎ ﻓ=ﻟ ﺍﻓ = ﺍﻟ For more examples and patterns see Schulz pg. 77 -79

The Noun of Concept ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺆﺛﺔ Meaning and Use n The Feminine Nisba is formed by adding the suffix ﺓ to a noun, and it is often used to denote an abstract idea or concept. Expression = Expressionism ﺘﻌﺒﻴﺮﺓ = ﺘﻌﺒﻴﺮ Capital = Capitalism ﺭﺃﺴﻤﺎﻟﺓ = ﺭﺃﺴﻤﺎﻝ Nation = Nationalism ﻭﻃﻨﺓ = ﻭﻃﻦ

Bibliography All the Arabic You Never Learned the First Time Around by Jim Price A Student Grammar of Modern Standard Arabic by Eckehard Schulz