Dept of Greenergy National University of Tainan W

燃料電池簡介 Dept of Greenergy, National University of Tainan W. M. Yan 1

氫電池 (Hydrogen Fuell Clls) 基本觀念 William Grove 之氫電池實驗 (1839) 稀釋酸 電解液 白金電極 電流通過電極 →水電解成氫氧 Dept of Greenergy, National University of Tainan 氫氧重組成水 → 產生電流 W. M. Yan 6

單電池構造 膜極組 雙極板：Bipolar Plate 雙極板 PE膜：Proton Exchange Membrane PE膜 觸媒層： Catalyst Layer 觸媒層 擴散層： Diffuser Layer 擴散層 流道 流道：Flow Channel 陽極：Anode 陰極：Cathode 陽極 陰極 單電池：Unit Cell Dept of Greenergy, National University of Tainan W. M. Yan 膜極組 (MEA)： Membrane Electrode Assembly 11

單電池組件說明 陽極 陰極 以某一 25 cmx 25 cm PEMFC 為例，各層 厚度之量階： 雙極板： mm 擴散層： 100 um 觸媒層： 10 um 膜極組 PE 膜： 100 um 雙極板： Bipolar Plate 擴散層： Diffuser Layer 觸媒層： Catalyst Layer Dept of Greenergy, National University of Tainan W. M. Yan PE膜：Proton Exchange Membrane 12

燃料電池堆 (Stack) 單電池串聯 氫入 陽極 氧入 陰極 Dept of Greenergy, National University of Tainan 摘自 Fuel Cell Explained System (Larminie & Dicks, 2000) W. M. Yan 14

電池堆 (Stack) 構型實例 Modular configuration of PEMFC stack of (Nuvera Fuel Cells S. r. L. , www. nuvera. com) Dept of Greenergy, National University of Tainan Stack configuration (Ballard Power Systems, www. ballard. com) W. M. Yan 15

現有主要能量轉換系統效率比較 Type 2 nd Law Eff. (%) Hydroelectric 70 – 90 IC Spark Ignition 25 – 35 Photovoltaic 7 – 11 IC Diesels 35 – 47 Solar Thermal 10 – 25 Wind Turbines 30 – 45 Gas Turbines 15 – 35 Steam Turbines 25 – 38 Combined Cycles (CC) – Gas & Steam Turbine Integrated Gasification Combined Cycles (IGCC) Nuclear 50 – 55 40 – 42 32 – 34 Data Source: von Spakovsky et al. (SAE 2000 -01 -1555) Dept of Greenergy, National University of Tainan W. M. Yan 17

各種燃料電池特性 (1) 燃料電池種類 Elec Eff. (%) Power Density (k. W/m 2) Operating T (ºC) Start-Up Time (min) SOFC 50 – 60 (stack) 45 – 50 (system) > 74 (combined) 1. 5 – 2. 6 800 – 1000 hrs MCFC 50 – 60 (stack) 55 – 70 (comb) 0. 1 – 1. 5 650 – 800 hrs PAFC 40 – 50 (stack) 41 (combined) 0. 8 – 1. 9 160 – 210 hrs AFC 45 – 60 (stack) 0. 7 – 8. 1 60 – 100 min PEMFC 40 – 55 (stack) 3. 8 – 6. 5 50 – 100 sec – min DMFC 40 (stack) – 50 – 100 – Data Source: von Spakovsky et al. (SAE 2000 -01 -1555) Dept of Greenergy, National University of Tainan W. M. Yan 22

燃料電池化學反應說明 Hydrogen Fuel 陽極 負載 電解質 陰極 Oxygen (Air) Dept of Greenergy, National University of Tainan W. M. Yan 28

燃料電池 作程序 ─ 動態說明 Fuel Cell Process C (碳) H (氫) O (氧) Animation for Elements and Process of Fuel Cells Source: United Technologies Company (UTC) Dept of Greenergy, National University of Tainan W. M. Yan 29

燃料電池 作程序 ─ 動態說明 H 2 O Dept of Greenergy, National University of Tainan W. M. Yan 30

各種燃料電池電化學反應型式 負載 陽極廢流 H 2, H 2 O, CO 2 AFC 陰極廢流 O 2, N 2, H 2 O, CO 2 H 2 OH O 2 H 2 O PEMFC PAFC H 2 MCFC H 2 CO 2 H 2 O SOFC H 2 O H O 2 H 2 O CO 3 O 2 CO 2 O O 2 T = 80°C(PEFC) T = 200°C(PAFC) T = 650°C T = 1000°C 氧化劑 (air): O 2(+N 2, MCFC: +CO 2) 燃料: H 2 (+CO 2) Anode Electrolyte Cathode 根據 Data Source: http: //www. fuelcell-eur. nl/ 重繪 Dept of Greenergy, National University of Tainan W. M. Yan 32

燃料電池性能曲線 1. 4 理想(無損失)電壓輸出 1. 2 活化過電位 電 1. 0 池 電 位 0. 8 Activation Overpotential (Volts) 歐姆損失 Ohmic Losses 0. 6 0. 4 燃料穿越與內電流 0. 2 Fuel Crossover and Internal Current 電 位 損 失 質量傳輸損失 Mass Transport Losses 0. 0 0 200 400 600 800 電流密度 (m. A/cm ) Dept of Greenergy, National University of Tainan 1000 W. M. Yan 35

PEMFC 組件之關鍵技術 • Bipolar Plate 雙極板 • Membrane 質子交換膜 • Gas Diffusion Layer 氣體擴散層 • Catalyst 觸媒 • Hydrogen Storage 氫氣之儲存及供應 Dept of Greenergy, National University of Tainan W. M. Yan 42

運輸 具應用 Daimler-Benz設計 之第四代NECAR Mazda 設計 之 FC Demio Opel 設計之 FC Sintra Dept of Greenergy, National University of Tainan W. M. Yan 44

運輸 具應用 International Fuel Cells 設計之 Georgetown University 燃料電池巴士 Dept of Greenergy, National University of Tainan W. M. Yan 45

運輸 具 Manhattan Scientifics H Power Corporation Humboldt State University's Schatz Energy Research Center H Power Corporation Fuel Cell Scooters ZES I/ZES II (Asia-Pacific FCT) Dept of Greenergy, National University of Tainan W. M. Yan 46

航空太空應用 無人駕駛太陽能飛行器 Dept of Greenergy, National University of Tainan W. M. Yan 48

發電機、電源 7 KW 居家用 PEMFC 發電機 250 KW PEMFC發電機 (Ballard Generation System) 可攜式電源 （Warsitz Enterprise) Dept of Greenergy, National University of Tainan W. M. Yan 50

小型/微型 DMFC 應用 • 手機：甲醇插入式燃料電池 0. 1~0. 5 w • 能量密度為鋰電池 6 -7倍，估計最高可達 約 33 倍* • CP talk time: 18 -27 h (Methanol) vs. 5 h (Li-Ion)；Standby: 41 d (Methanol) vs. 11 d (Li-Ion) * • 系統簡單，燃料插卡式設計，不須充電 • 無污染與回收問題 • 價廉─量產價可低於鋰電池之1/3 * • 攜帶式電源系統 < 100 w，應用於Power Tools, Notebook, Camcorder, DVD Player, Patient Life Support, Military Portable Power * Data Source: Manhattan Sci. Inc. (1999) Dept of Greenergy, National University of Tainan W. M. Yan 51

2002 全世界運轉與銷售之燃料電池 (k. W) 燃料電池種類 USA etc. Japan Europe Total % PEMFC 450 250 670 1, 370 5 PAFC 13, 200 10, 000 1, 000 24, 200 75 MCFC 1, 250 1, 060 2, 860 5, 170 16 SOFC 500 15 850 1, 365 4 5, 380 32, 105 100 17 100 Total % 15, 400 48 11, 325 35 Data Source: http: //www. fuelcell-eur. nl/ Dept of Greenergy, National University of Tainan W. M. Yan 53

世界燃料電池市場 (單位：百萬美元) 1995 2000 2005 % Annual Growth 2000/1995 World FC Market 1, 205 2, 440 8, 500 15. 2 28. 4 355 720 2, 500 15. 2 28. 3 Canada & Mexico 45 150 575 27. 2 30. 8 Western Europe 310 600 2, 300 14. 1 30. 8 Japan 360 675 1, 950 13. 4 23. 6 Other Asia & Pacific 75 195 750 21. 1 30. 9 Rest of the World 60 100 425 10. 8 33. 6 United States % Annual Growth 2005/2000 Data Source: http: //www. fuelcell-eur. nl/ Dept of Greenergy, National University of Tainan W. M. Yan 54

相關文獻 • Larminie, J. and Andrew, D. , Fuel Cell Systems Explained, John Wiley & Sons, Chichester, UK, 2000. • von Spakovsky, M. R. , Nelson, D. J. , Ellis, M. W. , Olsommer, B. and Ogburn, M. J. , “A Multi-/Inetr-Disciplinary Approach to Fuel Cell System Development: The U. S. Do. E GATE Center for Automotive Fuel Cell Systems at Virginia Tech, ” SAE Paper 2000 -01 -1555. • Li, Xianguo, Fuel Cell Technology, Lecture Notes, Taiwan, 2001. • 黃倬, 屠海令, 張冀強, 詹鋒, 質子交換膜燃料電池的研究開發與應用, 北 京冶金 業出版社, 2000 • 李瑛, 王林山, 燃料電池, 北京冶金 業出版社, 2000 • 曲新生, 質子交換膜燃料電池之關鍵技術及其應用, 南台科技大學講稿 • http: //www. fuelcell-eur. nl/ • http: //www. fuelcells. org/ Dept of Greenergy, National University of Tainan W. M. Yan 55