DEPRESSION Antonija Juki Mentor A mega Horvat The

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DEPRESSION Antonija Jukić Mentor: A. Žmegač Horvat

DEPRESSION Antonija Jukić Mentor: A. Žmegač Horvat

Ø The words above belong to author William Styron, and they describe his first

Ø The words above belong to author William Styron, and they describe his first episode of major depression Ø This experience belongs to millions

Definition of MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER Ø Mental disorder characterized by an all- encompassing low

Definition of MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER Ø Mental disorder characterized by an all- encompassing low mood accompanied by low self-esteem, and loss of interest or pleasure in normally enjoyable activities Ø Depressed mood persists for at least two weeks

Subtypes Ø Melancholic depression Ø Atypical depression Ø Catatonic depression Ø Postpartum depression Ø

Subtypes Ø Melancholic depression Ø Atypical depression Ø Catatonic depression Ø Postpartum depression Ø Seasonal affective depression

Symptoms and signs Feelings of helplessness and hopelessness Ø Loss of interest in daily

Symptoms and signs Feelings of helplessness and hopelessness Ø Loss of interest in daily activities Ø Appetite or weight changes Ø Sleep changes Ø Irritability or restlessness Ø Loss of energy Ø Self-loathing Ø Concentration problems Ø Unexplained aches and pains Ø

Depression and suicide!!! Ø 3. 4% of people with major depression commit suicide Ø

Depression and suicide!!! Ø 3. 4% of people with major depression commit suicide Ø 60% of people who commit suicide have depression or another mood disorder

Causes and risk factors for depression Ø Ø Ø Ø Ø Loneliness Lack of

Causes and risk factors for depression Ø Ø Ø Ø Ø Loneliness Lack of social support Recent stressful life experiences Family history of depression Marital or relationship problems Financial strain Early childhood trauma or abuse Alcohol or drug abuse Unemployment or underemployment Health problems or chronic pain

Biological theories Ø Dysregulation of monoamine chemicals serotonin, norepinephrine and dopamine in the brain

Biological theories Ø Dysregulation of monoamine chemicals serotonin, norepinephrine and dopamine in the brain Ø Most antidepressants increase the levels of one or more of the monoamines

Diagnosis Ø Patient's self-reported experiences Ø Behavior reported by relatives or friends Ø Mental

Diagnosis Ø Patient's self-reported experiences Ø Behavior reported by relatives or friends Ø Mental status exam Ø No laboratory test for major depression

Differential diagnoses Ø Dysthymia Ø Adjustment disorder with depressed mood Ø Bipolar disorder

Differential diagnoses Ø Dysthymia Ø Adjustment disorder with depressed mood Ø Bipolar disorder

Management Ø Antidepressant medication (MAOIs, TCAs, SSRIs) – delayed onset of action (2 -6

Management Ø Antidepressant medication (MAOIs, TCAs, SSRIs) – delayed onset of action (2 -6 weeks)!!! Ø Psychotherapy or counselling Ø Hospitalization Ø Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)

Prevention - Lifestyle changes! Cultivating supportive relationships Ø Getting regular exercise and sleep Ø

Prevention - Lifestyle changes! Cultivating supportive relationships Ø Getting regular exercise and sleep Ø Eating a healthy, mood-boosting diet Ø Managing stress Ø Practicing relaxation techniques Ø Challenging negative thought patterns Ø Ø SMILE

References Ø www. wikipedia. org Ø www. helpguide. org

References Ø www. wikipedia. org Ø www. helpguide. org