Density of Materials Trent College STEM Club Mr

“Density of Materials” Trent College STEM Club Mr D Powell 2019

Intro Thinking…. Discuss and answer the questions about the cannon ball, polystyrene ball and orange… 1. Can you name two variables or features that apply to all the balls? D Mass Volume 2. What happens to each ball if you dropped it into the C ocean? Polystyrene – floats high Orange – floats low Cannonball – sinks 3. Can you explain why some objects float and some B sink? Density in comparison to water 4. Can you use Maths to support your ideas? A Mr D Powell 2019

Plenary: Archimedes, The King of Syracuse and the Golden Crown Archimedes (287 - 212 BCE ) lived in Syracuse in Sicily, which in those days was a Greek Colony, with its own King. The King of Syracuse had ordered a new gold crown and had given his goldsmith the right amount of gold to make it. When the goldsmith brought the crown to the King it weighed the right amount, but some of his servants told the King that they had heard the goldsmith boasting that he had stolen some of the gold and replaced it with silver, so the crown was not pure gold but an alloy (mixture) of gold and silver. The King sent for Archimedes and told him he was to find out whether this was true - but he must not damage the crown. Archimedes thought about the problem, which appeared quite impossible to solve, what would you do? Answer… While he was thinking about the problem he did not wash or change his clothes. After three days he smelt strongly - Syracuse is a very hot place in the summer - that even he noticed, so he went to the Public Bath House. As he got into his bath he noticed the water rise up the sides, and suddenly he saw how to solve his problem. He jumped out of the bath and ran out of the Bath House shouting “Eureka!” (the Greek for “I've found it, I've found it”)…… Mr D Powell 2019

Theory of Density… Density is simply a way of comparing how much mass you have for a fixed volume. We often use 1 kg or 1 g for this process. We also use cm 3 or m 3 for the volume. An example might be for Steel…. 8050 kg/m 3 or 8. 05 g/cm 3 Mr D Powell 2019

Substance Length /cm Width/ cm Height /cm Volume /cm 3 Mass /g Density g/cm 3 Perspex 10. 0 2. 0 40. 0 46. 64 1. 20 Aluminium 5 3. 8 2. 8 40 109. 27 2. 70 Iron 4. 0 3. 0 5. 0 60 467. 26 7. 78 Mr D Powell 2019

Density of Materials 1) I think that density is an idea where…… ……………………………………………………………. . . . 2) The density of steel is……………. . ………………………………. . 3) The formulae for density is…. Substance Length /cm Width/ cm Height /cm Volume /cm 3 Mass /g Density g/cm 3 Aluminium tall Aluminium medium Aluminium short Brass Softwood Tall Softwood short Hardwood Paraffin Wax 5) What can you say about the density of the 6) Are there any overall comments non metals? about how you can improve your ………………………………. . . experiment? 4) What can you say about the density of ………………………………. . . …………………………… the Al blocks? ………………………………. . . ……………………………………………………………. . . . …………………………… 2019 Mr D Powell

Density of Materials 1) I think that density is an idea where…… Substance Length /cm Width/ cm Height /cm Volume /cm 3 Mass /g Density g/cm 3 ……………………………………………………………. . . . 2) The density of steel is……………. . ………………………………. . 3) The formulae for density is…. 5) What can you say about the density of the 6) Are there any overall comments non metals? about how you can improve your ………………………………. . . experiment? 4) What can you say about the density of ………………………………. . . …………………………… the Al blocks? ………………………………. . . ……………………………………………………………. . . . …………………………… 2019 Mr D Powell

Example Conclusion about an Experiment Density of Various Liquids When explaining an graph from experimental data 2, 9 we can comment on the trends… 2, 7 Ladder of Challenge Statements…. 5. My experiment did not take into account the 1, 5 at e W ck systematic error Bl a mass of the measuring cylinder so has a ha 1, 7 r would fall to the bottom of a density column. no Pa l ra Su W nfl ffin o as hi we r ng up Oil Liq ui d 1, 9 Et 4. The black treacle is more viscous (thicker) and 2, 1 ea cle 3. The range of densities is between 1. 58 to 2. 2 2, 3 Tr 2. The liquids have range different densities Density g/cm 3 1. The density is worked out in g/cm 3 2, 5 Liquid Type Mr D Powell 2019

Extra Help on Readings… Substance Length /cm Width/ cm Height /cm Volume /cm 3 Mass /g Density g/cm 3 Aluminium tall 9. 9 2. 0 39. 6 110 2. 778 Aluminium medium 8. 0 5. 0 200. 0 548 2. 740 Aluminium short 5. 0 4. 0 2. 9 58. 0 162 2. 793 Brass 5. 0 1. 9 18. 1 154 8. 532 Softwood Tall 20. 0 4. 8 4. 7 451. 2 293 0. 649 Softwood short 10. 0 1. 9 36. 1 20 0. 554 Hardwood 5. 2 3. 3 2. 9 49. 8 37 0. 744 Paraffin Wax 5. 0 4. 0 3. 1 62. 0 55 0. 887 Mr D Powell 2019

Density of Materials 1) I think that density is an idea where…… ………………………………. . We try to compare the mass of an object per unit ………………………………. . volume or fixed volume i. e. ………………………………. . cm 3 or m 3 ………………………………. . 2) The density of steel is……………. . ………………………………. . 8050 kg/m 3 or 8. 05 g/cm 3 3) The formulae for density is…. 4) What can you say about the Al blocks? ………………………………. . The density came out as ………………………………. . nearly the same each time ………………………………. . as expected ………………………………. . Substance Length /cm Width/ cm Height /cm Volume /cm 3 Mass /g Density g/cm 3 Aluminium tall 9. 9 2. 0 39. 6 110 2. 778 Aluminium medium 8. 0 5. 0 200. 0 548 2. 740 Aluminium short 5. 0 4. 0 2. 9 58. 0 162 2. 793 Brass 5. 0 1. 9 18. 1 154 8. 532 Softwood Tall 20. 0 4. 8 4. 7 451. 2 293 0. 649 Softwood short 10. 0 1. 9 36. 1 20 0. 554 Hardwood 5. 2 3. 3 2. 9 49. 8 37 0. 744 Paraffin Wax 5. 0 4. 0 3. 1 62. 0 55 0. 887 5) What can you say about the non metals? 6) Are there any overall comments? ………………………………. . …………………………… They had significantly ………………………………. . lower densities than ………………………………. . metals. ………………………………. . • Brass felt heavier for its volume. …………………………… • The paraffin was hard to measure. • The woods density depends in part on moisture content. Mr D Powell …………………………… 2019

Results A Graph to Compare the Density of Materials 9, 000 8, 000 7, 000 Density / g/cm 3 6, 000 5, 000 4, 000 3, 000 2, 000 1, 000 0, 000 Aluminium tall medium short g/cm 3 2, 778 2, 740 2, 793 Brass 8, 532 Softwood Tall 0, 649 Softwood Hardwood short 0, 554 0, 744 Mr D Powell 2019 Paraffin Wax 0, 887

A Graph to Compare the Density of Materials 9, 000 8, 000 7, 000 6, 000 Density / g/cm 3 A Graph to Compare the Density of Materials 5, 000 4, 000 3, 000 2, 000 1, 000 0, 000 Aluminiu Softwoo Hardwoo Paraffin m Brass m short d Tall d short d Wax medium g/cm 3 2, 778 2, 740 2, 793 8, 532 0, 649 0, 554 0, 744 0, 887 Aluminiu m tall A Graph to Compare the Density of Materials 9, 000 8, 000 7, 000 6, 000 5, 000 4, 000 3, 000 2, 000 1, 000 0, 000 Aluminiu Softwoo Hardwoo Paraffin Brass m m short d Tall d short d Wax medium g/cm 3 2, 778 2, 740 2, 793 8, 532 0, 649 0, 554 0, 744 0, 887 Aluminiu m tall A Graph to Compare the Density of Materials Density / g/cm 3 5, 000 0, 000 Aluminiu Softwoo Hardwoo Paraffin Brass m m short d Tall d short d Wax medium g/cm 3 2, 778 2, 740 2, 793 8, 532 0, 649 0, 554 0, 744 0, 887 Aluminiu m tall

Material Selection… Aluminium medium Softwood short Brass Paraffin Wax Aluminium tall Aluminium short Softwood Tall Hardwood Mr D Powell 2019

Materials? Paraffin Wax Perspex Polystyrene Iron Marble Brass Aluminium Wood Black Slate Lead Mr D Powell 2019

What Density Column Can you make…… Material Density Golden syrup Vimto Shampoo (pink) Washing up liquid (green) Water (blue) – take care to add slowly to avoid mixing Vegetable oil (yellow) Paraffin Baby oil (clear) http: //www. stevespanglerscience. com/lab/experiments/seven-layer-density-column/ Mr D Powell 2019

Your Column, What order do we need? Material Golden syrup Vimto Mass/g Volume /cm 3 Density g/cm 3 TASK: 1. Use the cylinders provided to work out the liquid volume and mass. (use zero function Shampoo (pink) on scales) Washing up liquid (green) 2. Plan the layers Water (blue) – take care to add slowly to avoid mixing 4. Photo it 3. Make it! Vegetable oil (yellow) Paraffin Baby oil (clear) Mr D Powell 2019

Your Column – Example Results…. TASK: Material Mass/g Volume /cm 3 Density g/cm 3 Golden syrup 74 37. 5 1. 97 work out the liquid volume Vimto 94. 6 70 1. 35 and mass. (use zero function 64. 6 42 1. 54 on scales) Shampoo (pink) Washing up liquid (green) Water (blue) – take care to add slowly to avoid mixing Vegetable oil (yellow) 98. 4 70. 9 1. 39 1 1 1. 00 64 45 1. 42 Paraffin 40 54 0. 74 Baby oil (clear) 46. 5 31 1. 50 1. Use the cylinders provided to 2. Plan the layers 3. Make it! 4. Photo it Mr D Powell 2019

Density Column…… Material Density Rubbing Alcohol . 79 Lamp Oil Baby Oil Vegetable Oil Ice Cube Water Milk . 80. 83. 92 1. 00 1. 03 Dawn Dish Soap 1. 06 Light Corn Syrup 1. 33 Maple Syrup Honey 1. 37 1. 42 http: //www. stevespanglerscience. com/lab/experiments/seven-layer-density-column/ Mr D Powell 2019

Thinking about Learning…. Review the questions below and discuss with a partner, then share with your class/ teacher; 1. How are you going to remember this learning? 2. What is the key aspect you will remember from this lesson? 3. What did you learn that you didn’t know before? 4. What have you learnt that could be useful elsewhere? 5. What do you want to know more about? Mr D Powell 2019

Changes in Density – Particle Model Substance Liquid Density g/cm 3 Solid Density g/cm 3 Water 1 0. 93 Iron 6. 98 7. 87 Copper 8. 02 8. 96 Aluminium 2. 38 2. 70 Titanium 4. 11 4. 51 Explain using the particle model you have previously learned why the densities of the metals shown change from liquid to solid? Why is ice different? Mr D Powell 2019

Extension Task Sorting Density…. Low Density? High Density? Aluminium plastic Uranium Lead Brass Balsa wood Iron Polystyrene Mr D Powell 2019

Measuring Density Analysis Object Name Mass / g Gold Ring 4 x 1 p coin 5. 01 14. 26 81. 0 74. 5 4 x 5 p coin 13. 12 76. 5 2 x 8 lego brick 4. 81 1. 17 Lego structure… Volume / cm 3 Initial 4 x 4 lego brick Name: Quoted Value Density g/cm 3 0. 5 10. 02 7. 13 15 (18 kct gold) 1. 5 8. 75 8. 96 (copper 75%) & 8. 9 (Nickel 25%) 5. 5 0. 87 (0. 9 to 1. 93) acrylonitrile butadiene styrene Final Change 81. 5 76. 5 83. 5 Calculated Density g/cm 3 85. 0 1. 5 Tasks: 1) Review the experiment and data as shown. Then fill in the gaps as shown in the table. 3) 4) Comment on the experiment and validity of the method used, also what are the control variables. The measuring cylinder has a 1 cm 3 scale and the balance 0. 01 g. Comment on which readings had the largest % error. 5) Give an example of a % error for an object 6) Review the quoted values, comment on any similarities and differences you see. (0. 9 to 1. 93) acrylonitrile butadiene styrene Method 1) Find the mass of each object using a set of scales, repeat each reading twice to check. Tare your scales if required. 2) Fill a measuring cylinder 2/3 full with H 2 O and record the level from the centre of the meniscus. 3) Drop in an object and record a final reading then calculate a change 4) Work out the density of the object 5) Find a quoted value for the density of each object.

Measuring Density Analysis (Extra Help) Object Name Mass / g Volume / cm 3 Calculated Density g/cm 3 Quoted Value Density g/cm 3 0. 5 10. 02 7. 13 15 1. 5 8. 75 8. 96 83. 5 5. 5 0. 87 0. 9 85. 0 1. 5 Initial Final Change Gold Ring 4 x 1 p coin 5. 01 14. 26 81. 0 74. 5 4 x 5 p coin 13. 12 76. 5 2 x 8 lego brick 4. 81 4 x 4 lego brick 1. 17 83. 5 Name: 81. 5 76. 5 0. 9 Tasks: 1) Review the experiment and data as shown. Then fill in the gaps as shown in the table choose from… 0. 78, 8. 96, 2, 78 3) 4) 3) Comment on the experiment and validity of the method used, also what are the control variables. Method 1) Find the mass of each object. 2) Zero your scales if required. 3) Fill a measuring cylinder 2/3 full with water and record the level. 4) Drop in an object and record a final reading The measuring cylinder has a 1 cm 3 scale and the balance 0. 01 g. Comment on which readings had the largest % error. 5) Calculate the change. 6) Work out the density of the object. Review the quoted values, comment on any similarities and differences you see. 7) Find a quoted value for the density of each object.

Measuring Density Analysis Object Name Mass / g Name: Lego structure… Volume / cm 3 Initial Final Change Calculated Density g/cm 3 Quoted Value Density g/cm 3 Gold Ring 4 x 1 p coin 5. 01 14. 26 81. 0 74. 5 81. 5 76. 5 0. 5 2. 0 10. 02 7. 13 15 (18 kct gold) 8. 96 (copper) 4 x 5 p coin 13. 12 76. 5 78. 0 1. 5 8. 75 8. 96 (copper 75%) & 8. 9 (Nickel 25%) 2 x 8 lego brick 4. 81 78. 0 83. 5 5. 5 0. 87 (0. 9 to 1. 93) acrylonitrile butadiene styrene 4 x 4 lego brick 1. 17 83. 5 85. 0 1. 5 0. 78 Tasks: 1) Review the experiment and data as shown. Then fill in the gaps as shown in the table. 3) 4) Comment on the experiment and validity of the method used, also what are the control variables. The measuring cylinder has a 1 cm 3 scale and the balance 0. 01 g. Comment on which readings had the largest % error. 5) Give an example of a % error for an object 6) Review the quoted values, comment on any similarities and differences you see. (0. 9 to 1. 93) acrylonitrile butadiene styrene Method 1) Find the mass of each object using a set of scales, repeat each reading twice to check. Tare your scales if required. 2) Fill a measuring cylinder 2/3 full with H 2 O and record the level from the centre of the meniscus. 3) Drop in an object and record a final reading then calculate a change 4) Work out the density of the object 5) Find a quoted value for the density of each object. Mr D Powell 2019

Practical Order 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Three balls of same size, different mass Digital Callipers x 2 Blocks as shown (as many sets as we can do) Circular density blocks Density Cubes Digital small scales (as many as we can) range up to mass of heavy blocks Class set to enable paired practical: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Pencil Calculators (spares) Ruler Spare half sheet of graph paper if required Glue to stick in worksheet Density Column… 1. Measuring cylinder – large 2. Set of liquid (see example of those show) we will need to work it out for Trent to be sure. Need a mixture of densities, colour and immiscibility 3. Pipettes (glass if possible) Material Density Golden syrup Vimto Shampoo (pink) Washing up liquid (green) Water (blue) – take care to add slowly to avoid mixing Vegetable oil (yellow) Paraffin Baby oil (clear) Mr D Powell 2019