Denotation Definition Connotation Denotation Connotation The basic conceptual

Denotation Definition Connotation Denotation & Connotation The basic conceptual of a word (Claire Kramsch 1998: 16). The associations evoked by a word in the mind of the hearer/ reader (Claire Kramsch 1998: 16). The dictionary meaning or meaning of the word (Laurence Perrine). What it suggests beyond what it expresses (Laurence Perrine). The objective relationship between a linguistic form & its referent (Charles W. Kredler). The personal associations produced by words (Charles W. Kredler). I

Denotation & Connotation in Poem � The basic part of that meaning is denotation; that is dictionary meaning (s) of the word. Beyond this, a word may also have a connotation; that is the meaning suggested beyond what is it expresses; it overtones of meaning. � According to Plato, he says that literature is the mirror of social life in which it represents every single things in our daily activities. The literature is divided into several parts, especially poem as one of literature product that has large scoop. � As Laurance Perrine says in his book “Literature_structure, sounds, and sense” that the poem is a kind of language that says more and says it more than ordinary language. His quote means transferring some meaning and information from the poem to the hearers/ readers can be told only by a little words or sentences more than ordinary language in which it has to say much in order to inform a little. Then, if we tell on meaning (denotation and connotation). � In the other hand, Eliot and Winters utters the denotation means stated, explicit, definable, or dictionary meaning. By “connotation” they apparently mean what may be distinguished from the former as suggested, implicit, or intimated meaning.

Why do the poets need the denotation and connotation in their poems ? As source & multidimensional vocabulary To show the world of human itself certainly

� These dintinctions are complicated in practice because many words have more than one denotation and because dictionaries sometimes include definitons of a word based on connotationas well as denotation. E. g. , the first set of definitons of the noun rose given by the OED tells us that a rose is both “a well-known beautiful and fragnant flower” and “ a rose-plant, rose-bush, or rose-tree”; in addition, the OED gives a number of “allusive, eblematic, or figurative uses” (e. g. , “a bed of roses” or “under the rose”) that reveal the huge store of cultural connotations associated with the flower. � The connotations of a word phrase accrue from the way it is used in a particular language cummunity. Our knowledge of connotations comes from our access to the cultural assumptions of the society in which the word of phrase was used. When robert Burns’s speaker declares that his “love is like a red , red rose, ”, we do not read it as a denotative statement of fact but respond to the connotations of sexual love nd passion that simile transfers to the woman and/ or his feelings for her. These connotations derive from the long associations between roses and romantic love in Western culture. � Critics have often suggested that literature especially poetry, makes sustained and highly organized uses of connotations. All aspects of poems and poetic language such as genres, figures, sound patterns, nad so on can evoke connotations through their use in the general culture and in other poetry. Under the influence of early 20 th cemtury, forerunners such as Richard and Empson, Anglo-Am. New critics assumed that poetry employs the connotations of words and phrases in order to suggest levels of meaning and feeling that embody the subtle nuances of human experience and reveal truths that are unavailable to those nonliterary discourses (such a science) that suppusedly employ purely denotative language.

Example THE EAGLE He clasps the crag with crooked hands Close to the sun in lonely lands Ringed with the azure world, he stands The wrinkled sea beneath, him crawls He waches from his mountain, him walls And like a thunderbolt he falls

The Eagle by Alfred, Lord Tennyson He clasps the crag with crooked hands Close to the sun in lonely lands Ringed with the azure world, he stands The wrinkled sea beneath, him crawls He waches from his mountain, him walls And like a thunderbolt he falls � Seekor elang bertengger diatas bukit dengan cakar mencengkram kuat, tegak berdiri di bukit karang terpencil dekat matahari, dikelilingi oleh langit biru lazuardi. � Sungguh perkasa elang itu. � Keperkasaannya dibenturkan dengan suasana laut dibawahnya yang berombak , sementara dengan tatapan tajam dia memandang kebawah dari atas dinding bukit. Dan bagaikan geledek ia terbang menyambar.

Paraphrase Definition of Paraphrase �A paraphrase /ˈpærəfreɪz/ is a restatement of the meaning of a text or passage using other words. The term itself is derived via Latin paraphrasis from Greek παράφρασις, meaning "additional manner of expression". The act of paraphrasing is also called "paraphrasis“ �An alternative way of expressing the content of sentence (Charles W. Kreidler, Introduction English semantics). �A sentence which express the same proposition as another sentence (Abdul Muis Ba’dulu 2009: 76) IV

Rules on paraphrasing Rules Longer Original Same tensis In prosa

Paraphrase Rules of Paraphrasing � Paraphrase may attempt to preserve the essential meaning of the material being paraphrased � A paraphrase does not need to accompany a direct quotation, � Unlike a metaphrase, which represents a "formal equivalent" of the source, a paraphrase represents a "dynamic equivalent" thereof. Rules of Paraphrasing a Poem � There are several rules that we have to pay attention more on paraphrasing a poem, as follow : 1. Original : we have to make our paraphrasing according what the poem utters or implies. 2. Longer : when we write down the sentences of the poem into our paraphrasing, the sentences of our paraphrasing are longer than in the poem. 3. Same tensis : we must keep the tenses as same as the original has. 4. In prosa : our paraphrasing should transfer into prosa.

How to paraphrase a poem ? �Read more and carefully �Considering the form and style. �Interpret the poem. �Avoid critiquing the poem. �Make your paraphrase.

How to paraphrase a poem ? 1. Read the poem carefully several times to absorb the language and to glean 2. 3. 4. 5. the tone of the poem. Review footnotes, if provided, for context and clues to words or lines that are not apparently clear. Consider the technique, form and style that the poem deploys to reinforce themes. For instance, consider how syntax and structure are used to complement content. Interpret the poem one stanza or section at a time. Restate each stanza's main idea or action. Express the poem in your own words, except in instances in which the message or idea is best expressed in its original words. Directly quote lines or words that you can not adequately restate without distorting original meaning. Assume the voice and tense of the poem to more authentically represent it. For instance, if the poem's speaker uses first person and past tense, use first person and past tense when you paraphrase. Avoid critiquing, evaluating or analyzing the poem. Do not project your own reading onto the poem or comment on it.

Example THE EAGLE 1. He clasps the crag with crooked hands Close to the sun in lonely lands Ringed with the azure world, he stands an eagle bird has claws that can hold something strongly. He can fly higly into the sky in wild. He is also able to fly arround the world. 2. The wrinkled sea beneath, him crawls He watches from his mountain, him walls And like a thunderbolt he falls When he is flying, the sea is under him. He can keep an eye on everything from plateau. He also has a highest speed when he is flying to catch his preys.

Analysis of poetry � The eagle dilihat dari struktur puisinya mempunyai rima teratur yaitu a-a-a-b-b-b. Dari segi semantiknya puisi tersebut menggambarkan bahwa hidup manusia itu seperti elang yang lama-lama semakin tua. Siklus hidup manusia juga seperti elang yang kadang diatas dan kadang dibawah ini dapat kita lihat pada kalimat “ He watches from his mountain wall”, yang menandakan elang tersebut berada diatas sama seperti manusia yang kadang ada di atas dan kalimat “And like a thunderbolt he fall”, manusia juga sering mengalaminya jatuh dari kesuksesan jatuh ke dalam kegagalan yang artinya manusia sedang berada dibawah. Tidak selamanya elang berada diatas sebab dia juga pasti turun ke bawah untuk makan, minum, dan tidur, sama halnya dengan manusia tidak selamanya berada diatas. � Hikmah yang bisa didapat dari puisi ini adalah segala sesuatu di dunia adalah sementara, tidak ada yang abadi.

� The Eagle, Tennyson describes that the persona (I suggest that the persona is Tennyson himself) is observing an eagle. The predacious bird, full of strength, piercing vision, flying with grace, skillfully, and also so powerful, is pictured by the persona as a lonely bird that is ‘ringed with the azure world’ (1 st stanza, line 2 -3). I can argue that the eagle’s life is not just lonely but also confined (terkung), precipitous (curam dan terjal), and tortuous (berliku) -I really did not know what are the equivalent English terms for those Indonesian terms- as I could see in the 1 st line of the 1 st stanza considering the alliteration of the first ‘C’ in the words ‘clasps’, ‘crag’ also ‘crooked’. And even the bird is not disposed for changing its life condition or status because it ‘clasps the crags with crooked hand’ (the 1 st line of 1 st stanza) burung tersebut mencengkram dengan kuat gunung karang tempat tinggalnya yang terjal itu-. However, even though the life of the bird is lonely, terkung, curam dan terjal, dan juga berliku-liku, but at least the status of the bird is still eminent and high as it is represented by the term ‘close to the sun’ (the 2 nd line in the 1 st stanza). And while the bird, in his triumphant place yet so lonely, is observing the world under, it sees sharply with its vision ‘the wrinkled sea beneath it crawls’ (the 1 st line of the 2 nd stanza). Here Tennyson uses a personification to delineate the wrinkled sea which is capable to crawl like a human being. Also ‘the wrinkled sea’ is a metaphor for the wave of social life of the world beneath it, which always brings hopes -I consider as a synaesthesia- and the bird wants to make contact or to be in touch with ‘the wrinkled sea’. So the eagle ‘like a thunderbolt falls’ (the 3 rd line of the 3 rd stanza). ‘Thunderbolt’ is a metaphor that characterizes such an immediate, sudden, and momentary action of coming down done by the eagle. No wonder, because an eagle is known for its agility and powerful flying technique.