Dengue Virus By Inna Gnipp and Hamza Iqbal

Dengue Virus By: Inna Gnipp and Hamza Iqbal

Dengue Declassified § § § Family: Flaviviridae Genus: Flavivirus Species: Dengue virus

What is the Dengue Virus? § Arbovirus § Arthropod, Mosquito, born § (Aedes aegypti) § It is a pathogen that causes § Dengue fever (DF) § Dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) § Can lead to Dengue shock syndrome (DSS) § Has four different serotypes (DEN-1, 2, 3, 4) § First reported epidemics in 1780 in Asia, Africa, and North America

Target tissues Ø Dengue induces cytokine production in cells Ø Cytotoxic factor effects endothelial cells involved in most of the following: § § § § § Heart Liver Kidneys Lungs Intestines Spleen Lymph nodes Brain Skin (inflammatory rashes)

Symptoms: DHF § § § Fever Headache Muscle and joint pain Dehydration Nausea and/or Haematemesis (vomiting of blood) Epistaxis (Bleeding from the nose, mouth, or gums) Haematuria (Blood in Urine) Pain behind the eyes Plasma leakage Respiratory distress Petechia (Skin rash) and/or Purpura (Lesions)

Diagnostic tests § Virus isolation by infection of mice using infected mosquitoes § Detection of Ig. M antibodies in the blood by PCR or Viral isolation (Serology) § ELISA (Enzyme-Linked Immunoabsorbent assay) § Thrombopenia § Raised hematocrit

Pathogenesis and infection process of Dengue § Humans are initially infected through a mosquito vector § Initial interaction with cell occurs with the viruses ability to infect cell § Primary target, Phagocytes § Virus uses cell receptor molecule to enter cell § Cell receptor molecules include: § Glycosaminoglycan § Heparan Sulfate (Expressed in almost all cell types) § § Virus replicates in target organs Infects white blood cells and lymphatic tissues Virus is released and circulates in blood Alternate mosquito then bites host and receives virus

DHF Treatment: Prevention: There is no specific treatment Relieving symptoms and complications: § Plasma volume replacement § Sedatives for restless patients § Blood transfusion with patients with significant blood loss § Aspirin should be avoided § All efforts of control are aimed against mosquitoes § Elimination of breeding areas § Actions to prevent mosquito bites (repellant, nets, and vapors) § Vaccinations are pending § Problem is that the vaccination needs to prevent all four serotypes

Epidemiology § Affects humans § Is prominent in tropical environments § Ideal for Mosquito habitats What is promoting the disease? § Global warming is causing climate changes which is causing the disease to move to more environments § § (higher altitudes and amplitudes) More habitats for mosquitoes to thrive in § Spread has been increased by urbanization and population growth § Inability of mosquito control in countries is also a major factor

Morbidity and Mortality § More than 2. 5 Billion people live in areas that have a risk of infection § Over 100 million cases of Dengue infection are reported each year globally § 500, 000 cases pertain to DHF § DHF has a 5% fatality rate for those infected § People at high risk are children and the elderly

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