Delay Intubation That is the question Dr Peter
Delay Intubation? That is the question… Dr Peter Jordan FACEM Northern Hospital Austin Airway Forum May 2014
• 3 Cases • Background – ED Airway Management • Preoxygenation • Delayed Sequence Intubation • NIV • Ketamine • How to Make it Happen • Case Conclusions • Questions
Case 1 Confused and uncooperative 36 YO male arrives via MAS at 0300 Probable alcohol +/- benzodiazepines +/- TCA Noisy resps, Sa. O 2 89% on High Flow NRBM What are you going to do?
Case 2 Sunday PM Obese (>120 kg) 48 man COPD/ Sleep apnoea/ HT Decreased Mental status and marked hypoxia. Sa 02 68%, HR 140 Now what?
Case 3 37 YO female – Obvious respiratory distress – unrecordable Sa. O 2, ? cyanosed, Silent chest, Uncooperative – Keeps removing Nebuliser mask and stepping off trolley. History of Severe Asthma - Multiple ICU interventions
So you wanna have a crack at intubation? STEM. org. au
Consider Base Jumping… BASE jumping is the most dangerous of the extreme sports. It is about forty times more dangerous than plain old parachute jumping The mortality from BASE jumping is around 0. 04%.
But its not me on the end of the blue cigar. . • Difficult laryngoscopy occurred in 24% • First pass success occurred in 83. 4% • Difficult intubation occurred in 3. 4% • Complications occurred in 29. 0% • Desaturation in 15. 7% • Periarrest Cardiac arrest occurred in 2. 2% (no deaths) Prospective observational study of the practice of endotracheal intubation in the emergency department of a tertiary hospital in Sydney, Australia Fogg T et al EMA, 2012
Any other party poopers? • NAP 4 (UK) • Death rate • ED 0. 8% • ICU 3% • “Difficult” approx. 10% • Intubation in ED is 20 times more likely to kill you (as a patient) than base jumping…
And the Problem is? ?
But these patients are pretty sick right? When ALS succeeds, we convert a dead patient into a live one When RSI goes wrong we convert a live patient into a dead one
What goes wrong? • Hypotension most common adverse event (up to 45%) But. . “Hypoxia was the most common primary contributor to death” • Patient factors 23% • Judgement 10% • Education/ Training 7% • Other – communication/ task failure http: //bja. oxfordjournals. org/content/106/5/632. full. pdf+html
So…. what can I do to avoid this? Prepare your team Anticipate Difficult Physiology Anticipate Difficult Intubation (consider awake intubation) Prepare equipment and drugs Optimise patient before Intubation Become excellent at Intubating and cricothyrotomy
Preoxygenation • Process of administering oxygen to a patient prior to intubation, so as to extend ‘the safe apnea time’ • Oxygen consumption during apnea is approximately 250 m. L/minute (3 m. L/kg per minute) in a healthy patient • in critically ill patients desaturation may occur immediately despite preoxygenation
Preoxygenation Goals • Achieve Sa. O 2 = 100% • Denitrogenate the lungs • Simply breathing 100% oxygen can increase O 2 store in lungs from 450 ml to 3000 ml • Oxygenate the blood (less significant) • Maximise FRC
Optimizing Preoxygenation • Position • Nasal cannula O 2 at 4 -15 L/min (as high as tolerated) • NRBM at max flow if Sa. O 2 >95% Or NIV if Sa. O 2 <95%, hypercapneic or obese • Continue >3 minutes once Sa. O 2 >95%
• DSI = procedural sedation, where the procedure is preoxygenation • The patient cannot tolerate preoxygenation (or other preintubation procedures) due to delirium and/ or agitation • Facilitates correction of hypoxia before paralysis • Sedative (Ketamine) preserves airway reflexes and respiratory drive and has minimal effect on haemodynamics • Does not always involve NIV
Agitated and uncooperative - requires intubation. .
Integrated approach to intubation Administer induction agent, ideally ketamine 1 -1. 5 mg/kg Place non-rebreather mask and nasal cannula at 15 L/min each if Sa. O 2 <95% then commence NIV – minimum 3 minutes or until Sa. O 2>95% >3 mins Administer neuromuscular blocker Perform Jaw thrust Continue Oxygenating via nasal prongs (max flow) +/- continued CPAP 45 seconds Intubate patient
Is there any evidence? Weingart SD. Preoxygenation, and delayed sequence intubation in the emergency department. J Emerg Med. 2011 Jun; 40(6): 661 -7. Epub 2010 Apr 8. Review. Pub. Med PMID: 20378297. [Free fulltext] Weingart SD, Levitan RM. Preoxygenation and prevention of desaturation during emergency airway management. Ann Emerg Med. 2012 Mar; 59(3): 165 -75. e 1. Epub 2011 Nov 3. Review. Pub. Med PMID: 22050948. [Free fulltext]
Other opportunities? • Better preparation • • • Self Team Environment patient NGT insertion IV access Vasopressors/ Inotropes IV Fluids Bronchodilation Observation/ Monitoring Buys Time - ”Double Set-up? ”
What if the patient improves? • Great!! • But beware… • NNT = 4 (avoiding intubation) • Failed NIV worsens outcomes • If in doubt – Plan A is best Timing of Noninvasive Ventilation Failure - Causes, Risk Factors, and Potential Remedies. Ezgi Ozyilmaz, Aylin Ozsancak Ugurlu, Stefano Nava BMC Pulm Med. 2014; 14(19)
What about Ketamine? • Analgesic dose (0. 1 -0. 3 mg/kg) – patient safely analgised – generally inadequate for DSI • Recreational dose (0. 2 -0. 5 mg/kg) – patient ‘high’ he’s happy but you’re not • Partially (intermittently) dissociated dose (0. 4 -0. 8 mg/kg) – patient ‘pear shaped’…. he’s unhappy. . uncooperative = you’re unhappy • Dissociative dose (>0. 7 mg/kg) - both happy and patient fully cooperative!!
Ketamine sounds is a wonder drug. . Potentially significant Adverse Effects. . • Laryngospasm – mostly in children (0. 4%) • Hypersalivation (~30%) • Emesis (~5 -15% - but almost always during emergence) • Transient respiratory depression (usually in the first 2 -3 minutes following a large, rapidly administered IV dose) • Transient mild increase in heart rate and blood pressure
Contraindications? Absolute • <3 months of age • Psychosis, (even if currently stable and controlled with medications) Relative • Age of 3 -12 months • History of airway instability, tracheal surgery, or tracheal stenosis • Unstable cardiovascular disease, including angina, heart failure, or uncontrolled hypertension • Acute Globe Injury and Glaucoma Green SM, Roback MG, Kennedy RM, Krauss B. Clinical Practice Guideline for Emergency Department Ketamine Dissociative Sedation: 2011 Update. Annals of emergency medicine. 2011 – in press. PMID: 21256625
Ketamine Alternatives • Dexmedetomidine • Fentanyl/ Remifenatanyl/ Alfentanyl • Droperidol • Combinations
NIV - Contraindications • Pneumothorax • Trauma • AMI • Severe acidosis • Pre arrest • Resource Issues
NIV - What can go wrong? • Excessive secretions • Mask leaks • Pneumothorax • Vomiting/ aspiration • Patient-ventilator asynchrony
What if this happens? • physiotherapeutic techniques • judicious use of oral/ oro-pharyngeal suction • Brief PPV • changing ventilator settings – Fi. O 2 (usually up) and pressures (up or down. . Max 15 cm EPAP) • Sedation/ More sedation • Proceed to intubation
Other ideas? emupdates. com
So should I use DSI or not? Yes. . in carefully selected situations… • Improves Airway assessment and planning includes oxygenation status and predictors of difficult preoxygenation as well as “difficult airway” • Shared Mental Model • Facilitates use of other adjuncts • Communicates expectation of Intubation – preparedness • Methodical
Challenges/ Pitfalls: • • Cognitive Barriers Evidence – Local validation Protocols and guidelines Patient selection Ketamine – understand become familiar (whole team) Training (multidisciplinary) Teamwork Anticipate complications Very Close observation and monitoring
Making it Happen • Politics – gain approval/ agreement • Train with your team • Crisis Resource Management • Debrief/ Discuss/ Audit/ Report • airwayregistry. org. au
Case Conclusions 1. Confused 36 yo M. . Intoxicated Polypharmacy OD + probable aspiration 2. Obese (>120 kg) 48 man Decreased Mental status and marked hypoxia. 3. 37 YO female Cyanotic agitated asthmatic
Thanks…………. Questions? Sources: emcrit. org prehospitalmed. com (PHARM) STEM. org. au lifeinthefastlane. com emupdates. com Original Research and Reviews (see following slides)
references Prospective observational study of the practice of endotracheal intubation in the emergency department of a tertiary hospital in Sydney, Australia Fogg T et al EMA, 2012 Ballard C, Fosse et al NIV improves preoxygenation before intubation of hypoxic patients. Am J Resp Care. 2006; 174: 171 -7 Delay J et al, The effectiveness of Non Invasive Positive Pressure Ventilation to enhance oxygenation in morbidly obese patients. An RCT. Anaesth Anal: 2008: 5 Green SM, Roback MG, Kennedy RM, Krauss B. Clinical Practice Guideline for Emergency Department Ketamine Dissociative Sedation: 2011 Update. Annals of emergency medicine. 2011 – in press. PMID: 21256625 Green SM, Cote CJ. Ketamine and neurotoxicity: clinical and implications for emergency medicine. Ann Emerg Med. 2009; 54: 181 -190
references Green SM, Li J. Ketamine in adults: what emergency physicians need to know about patient selection and emergence reactions [editorial]. Acad Emerg Med. 2000; 7: 278 -281 Mayberg TS, Lam AM, Matta BF, et al. Ketamine does not increase cerebral blood flow velocity or intracranial pressure during isoflurane/nitrous oxide anesthesia in patients undergoing craniotomy. Anesth Analg. 1995; 81: 84 -89. Bar-Joseph G, Guilburd Y, Tamir A, et al. Effectiveness of ketamine in decreasing intracranial pressure in children with intracranial hypertension. J Neurosurg Pediatr. 2009; 4: 40 -46. Bourgoin A, Albanese J, Wereszczynski N, et al. Safety of sedation with ketamine in severe head injury patients: comparison with sufentanil. Crit Care Med. 2003; 31: 711 -717. 985 -1028. Major complications of airway management in the UK: results of the Fourth National Audit Project of the Royal College of Anaesthetists and the Difficult Airway Society. Part 2: intensive care and emergency departments † T. M. Cook, N. Woodall, J. Harper, J. Benger, Br. J. Anaesth. (2011) 106 (5)
references Vardy JM, Dignon N, Mukherjee N, et al. Audit of the safety and effectiveness of ketamine for procedural sedation in the emergency department. Emerg Med J. 2008; 25: 579 -582 Takeshita H, Okuda Y, Sari A. The effects of ketamine on cerebral circulation and metabolism in man. Anesthesiology. 1972; 36: 69 -75 Timing of Noninvasive Ventilation Failure - Causes, Risk Factors, and Potential Remedies. Ezgi Ozyilmaz, Aylin Ozsancak Ugurlu, Stefano Nava BMC Pulm Med. 2014; 14(19) Strayer RJ, Nelson LS. Adverse events associated with ketamine for procedural sedation in adults. Am J Emerg Med. 2008; 26: Himmelseher S, Durieux ME. Revising a dogma: ketamine for patients with neurological injury? Anesth Analg. 2005; 101: 524 -534.
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