Deforming the Earths Crust Deformation Deformation process by

Deforming the Earth’s Crust

Deformation • Deformation: process by which a rock changes stress shape due to _______

Stress faulting folding and _____ • causes ____ 1. Compression: type of stress that occurs when squeezed/pushed an object is ________ convergent plate boundaries – Occurs at ______ Tension type of stress that occurs when 2. ____: rock is stretched/pulled divergent plate boundaries – Occurs at _____

Stress 3. Shear: type of stress that occurs when objects slide past each other (rubbing) transform plate boundaries –Occurs at ______

Folding bending • Folding: the ____of rock layers due to stress Anticline 1. _____: upward arching fold downward trough like fold 2. Syncline: _____ horizontal 3. Monocline: both ends of fold are _____

1. Syncline 2. Anticline 3. Monocline

Faulting break • Fault: a ____in a body of rock along block which one _____slides relative to the other Earthquakes are common along fault lines • _______ • In non-vertical faults, the fault is at an ______, angle footwall hanging wall which creates a _______and ____

1. Normal Fault: the hanging wall moves down _______compared to the footwall Tension – _____stress occurs Reverse Fault: the hanging wall moves up 2. _____ compared to the footwall Compression – ________stress occurs

Normal and Reverse Faults A. ______________ B. ______________

Normal and Reverse Faults A. Normal Fault B. Reverse Fault

3. Strike-Slip Fault: the break in the rock is vertical but the rocks move _____ horizontal _______, San Andreas – Example: _______Fault in California – Shear stress – NOTE: This type of fault does NOT create a footwall or hanging wall because the break in the rock is not at an angle

Birds-Eye View

San Andreas Fault

Picture Type of Fault Type of Stress Type of Boundary

Picture Type of Fault Type of Stress Type of Boundary Reverse Fault Compression Convergent Strike Slip Fault Shear Transform Normal Fault Tension Divergent

Mountain Building 1. Folded Mountains: Formed at convergent plate boundaries – Highest, Smooth – Ex: Appalachian, Andes, Alps, Himalayas

ALPS

APPALACHIAN MOUNTAINS

ANDES MOUNTAINS

HIMALAYAN MOUNTAINS

2. Fault-Block Mountains: Formed at divergent boundaries – Sharp, jagged peaks – At a fault, block of rocks drops down – Ex: Grand Tetons, Sierra Nevada

SIERRA NEVADA MOUNTAINS

GRAND TETON MOUNTAINS

3. Volcanic Mountains: Formed at convergent boundaries – Eruption and cooling of magma – Creates islands – Ex: Mt. Kea, Mt. Loa, Mt. St. Helens, Mt. Pinatubo

MT. MAUNA KEA

MT. MAUNA LOA

MT. PINATUBO

MT. ST. HELEN