Definition of Microbiology mikros small bios life logos

Definition of Microbiology: • mikros (small) • bios (life) • logos (science

Characteristics of Microorgansims 1 - size. 2 - Unicellular or Multicellular (no differences in the structure) 3 - Existence: everywhere (air, water, soil, corpse, plant surface, etc)

Taxonomy of microorganisms üEukaryotae: fungi, , microscopic plants (algae) and Protozoa. üProkaryotae: 1 -Bacteria 2 - Cyanobacteria üArchaea. Viruses are acellular structure. though not strictly classified as living organisms, are also studied

Prokaryote vs Eukaryote

Endoplasmic reticulum vacuole nucleus ribosomes Golgi apparatus Cell wall Plasma membrane chloroplast Eukaryotic cell mitochondrion

Groups of microorganisms 1 1 - Viruses • • Pass through filters Obligate parasites and can infect human, animals, plants and bacteria Electronic microscope Intracellular 2 - Bacteria • Unicellular • Light microscope

Groups of microorganisms 2 3 - Fungi • Multicellular (Mushroom) or unicellular (Yeast) • No chlorophyll 4 - Algea • • • Simple plants Exist as Unicell and clusters No differences in the structure and function chlorophyll – Photosynthesis Soil, water 4 - Protozoa • Single animal cell • Human and animal diseases

Benefits of microbiology 1 - Antibiotics 2 - Vaccine 3 - Biological weapons 4 - Pathology 5 - Cosmetic and food 6 - knowing these microorganism can protect us form disease 7 - Rid of Waste and pollution 8 - Help scientific of genetic engineers to understand DNA and RNA

History of Microbiology

Ibn Sīnā (Avicenna) • Ibn Sīnā is regarded as a father of early modern medicine, and clinical pharmacology particularly for his introduction of systematic experimentation and quantification into the study of physiology, his discovery of the contagious nature of infectious diseases such as measles and smallpox. • The introduction of quarantine to limit the spread of contagious diseases,

• Abu Bakr El-Razi. • * He was the first scientist difference between the "smallpox" • and "measles", and presented a detailed description of the • two diseases, and symptoms of each. • Abu El-kasim El-Zhrawy. • * He is Arabian Scientist, excelled in the field of medicine. • * He wrote a medical encyclopedia and wrote books on open abscess, symptoms and treatment, which are the microbial diseases.

Antonie van Leeuwenhoek • Leeuwenhoek (1632 – 1723) was a Dutch tradesman and scientist. • He is commonly known as "the Father of Microbiology", and considered to be the first microbiologist. • He is best known for his work on the improvement of the microscope and for his contributions towards the establishment of microbiology. • Using his handcrafted microscopes, he was the first to observe and describe singlecelled organisms.

Antonie van Leeuwenhoek • In 1676, first to observe living microbes. • His single-lens magnified up to 300 X • ﺻﻮﺭﺓ ﻟﻠﻤﻴﻜﺮﻭﺳﻜﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﺬﻯ ﺃﺨﺘﺮﻋﻪ ﺍﻟﺬﻯ ﻳﻜﺒﺮ ﺣﺘﻰ 1676 ﻟﻴﻔﻨﻬﻮﻙ ﻋﺎﻡ . ﻣﺮﻩ 300

Robert Koch • Robert Koch (1843 – 1910) was a German physician. • He became famous for isolating Bacillus anthracis (1877), the Tuberculosis bacillus (1882) and Vibrio cholerae (1883) and for his development of Koch's postulates. • He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his tuberculosis findings in 1905.

Koch's postulates

Louis Pasteur • Louis Pasteur ( 1822 – 1895) was a French chemist and microbiologist born in Dole. • He created the first vaccine for rabies and anthrax. • He was best known to the general public for inventing a method to stop milk and wine from causing sickness, a process that came to be called pasteurization

Martinus Beijerinck • Beijerinck (1851 – 1931) was a Dutch microbiologist and botanist. • He is considered one of the founders of virology. • In 1898, he published results on the filtration experiments demonstrating that tobacco mosaic disease is caused by an infectious agent smaller than a bacterium.

Sergei Winogradsky • Winogradsky (1856 - 1953) was a Ukrainian-Russian microbiologist, ecologist and soil scientist. • He identified the obligate anaerobe Clostridium pasteurianum, which is capable of fixing atmospheric nitrogen.