Definition of Ecology Ernst Haeckel 1869 1927 Charles
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Definition of Ecology 生態學 • 生態學最早由德國動物學家海克爾(Ernst Haeckel 1869)定義：研究生物有機體與其周圍 環境（包括非生物環境和生物環境）相互關 係的科學。 • 1927 Charles Elton: Scientific natural history • 1963 E. P. Odum: The study of the structure and function of nature • 1972 C. J. Krebs: The scientific study of the interactions that determine the distribution and abundance of organisms
Overview: The Scope of Ecology • Ecology - 研究生物與其環境之間相互關係的科 學, scientific study of the interactions between organisms and the environment • These interactions determine both the distribution and abundance of organisms Wikimedia commons Hannes Grobe/AWI Wikimedia commons Alan D. Wilson
The Ecological Hierarchy Landscape 地景 The systems of a large geographical area Ecosystem 生態系 The community together with the physical environment Community 群聚 Populations of different species living in a given area Population 族群 Individuals of a species living in a given area Organismal/Physiological 個體 The individual in the physical environment
Ecological spectrum Biosphere, Landscape, Ecosystem, Community, Population, Organism, Organ system, Organ, Tissue, Cell, Subcellular organelles, Molecules Branches of Ecology Chemical, Molecular, Physiological, Behavioral, Population, Community, Ecosystem, Landscape, Evolutionary, Theoretical, Conservation and management, Biodiversity
Overview: The Scope of Ecology • Interactions between organisms and the environment limit the distribution of speciesaquatic biomes (生物區) are influenced by abiotic and biotic factors：light and nutrients limit primary production 初級生產量. Marine zonation. 近海區 大陸棚 遠洋區 透光區 深海區 底棲區 Peter Chen (陈晚盈)
Organisms and the Environment • An organisms environment has: – 非生物環境 Abiotic, or nonliving components • 土壤、岩石、水、日光、空氣等，其測量指標 包括：溫度、濕度、懸浮固體、導電度、鹽度、 酸鹼度、溶氧量等。 – 生物環境 Biotic, or living components • Biota - all organisms living in the environment 指生物物種間和物種內各個體 之間的關係。
Subfields of Ecology • Organismal ecology 個體生態學 – How an organism’s structure, physiology, and behavior fit its environment Ex. How do humpback whales select their calving areas? 座頭鯨 Peter Chen (陈晚盈)
環境溫度變化Aquatic Temperature variation n vegetation influences stream temperature by providing shade. Ecology: Concepts and Applications, 5/e； Manuel C. Molles, Jr. Mc. Graw-Hill Higher Education
Regulating Body Temperature Balancing heat gain against heat loss Hs = Hm ± Hcd ± Hcv ± Hr – Hc Hs = Total heat stored in an organism n Hm = gained via metabolism n Hcd = gained / lost via conduction 傳導 n Hcv = gained / lost via convection 對流 n Hr = gained / lost via electromagnet radiation 輻射 n Hc = lost via evaporation 蒸散 n
Body Temperature Regulation in Animals n 依能否調節體溫（舊式傳統） n Poikilotherms (變溫動物) n Body n Homeotherms (恆溫動物) n Keep n temp varies directly with env. temps. constant body temp. by metabolic energy. 依調節體溫所依賴之熱源 n Ectotherms (外溫動物) n Rely n mainly on external energy sources. Endotherms (內溫動物) n Rely heavily on metabolic energy.
Thermal Neutral Zones Ecology: Concepts and Applications, 5/e； Manuel C. Molles, Jr. Mc. Graw-Hill Higher Education
Subfields of Ecology • Population ecology 族群生態學 – How many individuals of a particular species live in an area? What affects populations? – What environmental factors affect the reproductive rate of deer mice? Peter Chen (陈晚盈)
族群定義 n Ecologists usually define a population as a group of individuals of a single species inhabiting a specific area. n n Spatial boundary Temporal limit 族群：佔據特殊時空（區域面積）的單一物 種的一群個體 區域面積指所有與自然有關的界線。一個植 物或動物族群可能佔據一個山頂、河口、海 岸、沼澤等。
Survivorship Curves 存活曲線– a plot of the numbers of individuals in a cohort still alive at a given age 存活率 Three types I, III 死亡率? ? Peter Chen (陈晚盈)
年齡結構 Age structure – the relative number of individuals of each age class in a population (coexistence of age classes) MEXICO Peter Chen (陈晚盈) UNITED STATES SWEDEN
族群成長 Exponential Growth 指數型成長 n n 以族群數目對時間做圖 時，可得一J型成長曲線 圖。資源不受限時，連 續族群指數型的成長。 Continuous population growth in an unlimited environment resources can be modeled exponentially. d. N / dt = r. N
Logistic Population Growth 邏輯型族群成長 n As resources are depleted, population growth rate slows and eventually stops: logistic population growth. Sigmoid (S-shaped) population growth curve. n Carrying Capacity (k) is the number of individuals of a population the environment can support. n 許多族群數量長期趨近於密度依賴因子決定的承 載量。生物與非生物因子對於出生與死亡率有很 大的影響與關係。 n
Subfields of Ecology • Community ecology 群聚生態學 （群落） – Interacting species in a community：What factors influence the diversity of species that make up a particular forest? • 群聚特性： – 優勢種 – 多樣性 – 分層 Peter Chen (陈晚盈)
biologyeoc. wikispaces denalibiomeproject. wikispaces
生物地理 Biogeography • What limits the geographic distribution of species? Peter Chen (陈晚盈)
生物地理 Biogeography • What limits the geographic distribution of species? Peter Chen (陈晚盈)
Biogeography 生物地理 • Interactions between organisms and the environment limit the distribution of species 古北區 新北區 東洋區 衣索比亞區 新熱帶區 澳大利亞區 Peter Chen (陈晚盈) 全球動物地理區 ( Zoogeographic Regions of the World ) 可分為六區
Behavior and Habitat Selection • Species distribution may be limited by habitat selection behavior eg. mosquitos • Biotic factors that affect distribution: – Interactions with other species – Predation – Competition – Parasitism
Abiotic factors - Climate • Four major abiotic components – Temperature, water, sunlight, and wind • Climate change effects distribution of life Peter Chen (陈晚盈)
Climate Patterns • Two scales – Macroclimate, patterns on the global, regional, and local level – Microclimate, very fine patterns • Global climate patterns – determined largely by input of solar energy and the planet’s movement in space
Landscape features • Oceans and their currents, and large lakes – Moderate the climate of nearby terrestrial environments Warm air 2 Air cools at high elevation. 3 Cooler air sinks over water. 4 Cool air over water moves inland, replacing rising warm air over land. Peter Chen (陈晚盈) 1 over land rises.
Aquatic Biomes • Biomes - major types of ecological associations – Occur in broad regions • Vary through abiotic and biotic factors • Largest part of the biosphere (area) – Fresh or salt water • Oceans – Approx. 75% of Earth’s surface
Aquatic biomes Peter Chen (陈晚盈)
Terrestrial Biomes • Climate largely determines the distribution and structure of terrestrial biomes Peter Chen (陈晚盈)
The distribution of major terrestrial biomes Peter Chen (陈晚盈)
Ecosystems 生態系 • An ecosystem consists of all the organisms living in a community Tertiary consumers Microorganisms and other detritivores Detritus Secondary consumers Primary producers Heat Key Chemical cycling Energy flow Peter Chen (陈晚盈) Sun
能量循環 Trophic Relationships Energy and nutrients pass from primary producers (autotrophs) • To primary consumers (herbivores) • and then to secondary consumers (carnivores) • And finally to the decomposers 中山大學 徐芝敏
• Different ecosystems differ greatly in their production as well as in their contribution to the total production of the Earth. Peter Chen (陈晚盈)
Terrestrial Ecosystems • contribute about two-thirds of global NPP and marine ecosystems about one-third CIESIN Global patterns of primary production
The efficiency of energy transfer between trophic levels is usually less than 20% • Production Efficiency • secondary production - examine the process in individual organisms. Peter Chen (陈晚盈)
• The dynamics of energy through ecosystems have important implications for the human population. Peter Chen (陈晚盈)
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版權聲明 作品 授權條件 作者 / 來源 中山大學 徐芝敏 Ecology: Concepts and Applications, 5/e；Manuel C. Molles, Jr. Mc. Graw-Hill Higher Education 本作品來自"Ecology: Concepts and Applications, 5/e出處"，本資料庫係根據中 華民國著作權法第 52及65條合理使用。 Peter Chen (陈晚盈)-50_03 Ecology. Subfields http: //bio 1151 b. nicerweb. net/Locked/media/ch 50/ecology. html 2014/2/24 visited Peter Chen (陈晚盈)-52_05 Survivorship. Curves http: //bio 1151 b. nicerweb. net/Locked/media/ch 52/52_05 Survivorship. Curves. jpg 2014/2/24 visited Peter Chen (陈晚盈)-52_25 Age. Struct. Pyramids http: //bio 1151 b. nicerweb. net/Locked/media/ch 52/52_25 Age. Struct. Pyramids. jpg 2014/2/24 visited
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