Defining relative clauses Nondefining relative clauses Look Theres

Defining relative clauses Non-defining relative clauses Look! There’s the waiter who works at the bar where I have breakfast. Their new house, which has five bedrooms and a games room, is much larger than their old one. • The relative clause contains essential information. • No commas • You can use “that” instead of “who” or “which”. • The relative pronoun can be omitted if it is the object of the verb in the relative clause. I’m enjoying the book (which/that) you lent me. • You need to put commas before and after the relative clause. • “that” cannot be used

Present: Participle Clauses Ing form , + clause Opening the door, I saw that we had been robbed. = to describe something happening at the same time as the action or immediately after it. Prepositions and conjunctions + ing form After watching the film, I was too scared to go to bed. You can take the train instead of catching a taxi. Perfect participle Having + past participle , + clause = to describe something that happened before the main action. It may provide a reason for that action Having left our map at home, we got lost. Passive Use a past participle clause when the meaning is passive. Drunk in small quantities, red wine can be good for you. Used instead of relative clauses • ING form = when the meaning is active There are three pictures hanging on the wall. = (there are three pictures which are hanging on the Wall) • PAST PARTICIPLE = when the meaning is passive Anyone caught shoplifting will be prosecuted. = ( anyone who is caught shoplifting will be prosecuted)