Deductive Reasoning Syllogisms and so much more Lets

Deductive Reasoning Syllogisms and so much more!

• Let’s play a game PFB (Pico, Fermi, Bagels) is a number guessing game. For each guess, you will be told: Fermi -a correct digit placed correctly Pico - a correct digit placed incorrectly Bagels - no digits are correct Pico, Fermi, Bagel

• 749 Let’s play as a class

• 4 valid types: • • Modus Ponens Modus Tollens Hypothetical Syllogism Disjunctive Syllogism review

• • • Fallacy of Equivocation Fallacy of the undistributed middle Fallacy of illicit major/minor Fallacy of exclusive premises Fallacy of drawing an affirmative conclusion from negative premise (or vice versa) • Existential fallacy Fallacies in Syllogisms

Mrs. Hooten: So Tommy, what do you do? Tommy Corn: I'm a firefighter. Mr. Hooten: Congratulations, you're a hero. Tommy Corn: I'm no hero. We'd all be heroes if we stopped using petroleum I (heart) Huckabees

• Fallacy of Equivocation • Tommy Corn and Mrs. Hooten are using the word “Hero” in a different sense What is the fallacy?

Bernard: One, your mind is always occupied on something. So it might as well be something useful. . . Two, there is no such thing as you and me. Albert: So then there's nothing? Bernard: Three, there is no such thing as nothing. There is no remainder in the mathematics of infinity.

• Fallacy of the Illicit Minor • The word nothing is used as the predicate in the minor premise and is not distributed What’s the Fallacy?

• I heart Huckabees clip • https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=v. JNVwpj. U 2 RY

Dawn Campbell: Why don't you like my spots? Marty: Honey, this look is hurting you, and it's hurting Huckabees. Dawn Campbell: This is myself. Marty: Then you won't speak at the benefit as yourself. That is not Huckabees. Dawn Campbell: I am still Huckabees. Marty: Not in that bonnet. Dawn Campbell: It's in my eyes, Marty. It's like that story of the cave. Marty: What in God's name is happening to you? We trusted you. We took care of you. We made you into a national icon. Pulled you out of a mall. Eh, you've been given everything by Huckabees. Dawn Campbell: Fuck-a-bees!

What fallaci(es) are demonstrated in this scene?

• • Deductive – General to Specific Inductive – Specific to General Deductive arguments can be valid or invalid Inductive arguments can be weak or strong • Examples? Deductive vs Inductive Reasoning

• William of Ockham, 14 th century Franciscan friar and logician • The principle states that "Entities should not be multiplied unnecessarily. " Sometimes it is quoted in one of its original Latin forms to give it an air of authenticity: "Pluralitas non est ponenda sine neccesitate" "Frustra fit per plura quod potest fieri per pauciora" "Entia non sunt multiplicanda praeter necessitatem" Ockhams/ Occam’s Razor

• Occam's razor is often cited in stronger forms than Occam intended, as in the following statements. . . • "If you have two theories that both explain the observed facts, then you should use the simplest until more evidence comes along" • "The simplest explanation for some phenomenon is more likely to be accurate than more complicated explanations. " • "If you have two equally likely solutions to a problem, choose the simplest. " • "The explanation requiring the fewest assumptions is most likely to be correct. " Ockhams/ Occam’s Razor

• In other words – KISS • Keep it simple, stupid Ockhams/ Occam’s Razor