Decoupling the Building Latent and Sensible Loads Using

Decoupling the Building Latent and Sensible Loads Using 100% Outside Air Systems ASHRAE Chicago Seminar 39 January 24, 2006 Stanley A. Mumma, Ph. D. , P. E. Professor of Architectural Engineering Penn State University, Univ. Park, PA email: sam 11@psu. edu http: //doas-radiant. psu. edu

Outline • What are 100% OA systems? • What is the benefit of decoupling the space • • • sensible and latent loads? What parallel sensible cooling equipment is available when dry ventilation air is delivered to the space? What are the operating benefits of these decoupled systems, including op. cost? A few pitfalls to avoid when applying these systems? 2

100% OA Systems 1. 100% OA, but at a low flow rate, 2. approximately the rate required by ASHRAE Std. 62. 1 -2004: i. e. DOAS. Also needed: Parallel sensible cooling only system to meet thermal loads. 100% OA, at the flow rate required to meet the entire space sensible load— frequently up to 5 times the flow needed for ventilation alone. Will not be discussed here—but could be during the question time if interested. 3

DOAS Systems 20 -70% less OA than VAV DOAS Unit W/ Energy Recovery Parallel Sen. Cooling System Cool/Dry Supply High Induction Diffuser Building With Sensible and Latent cooling decoupled 4

Why decouple sensible and latent space loads with DOAS? Tight humidity control minimizes the potential for IAQ problems and related sick-building illnesses*, and improves thermal comfort and productivity. *Which are caused largely by biological contaminants breeding in damp ducts, ceiling tiles, insulation, behind vapor barriers and carpet. 5

Potential Health/productivity Related Economic benefits of DOAS The significance of DOAS is illustrated by estimates that US companies lose as much as $48 Billion annually to cover medical expenses and $160 Billion annually in lost productivity as a result of sick-building illnesses. Source: ASHRAE Literature. 6

How Much is $208 Billion/yr. --in light of the ~ $13, 000 Billion/yr 2006 USA GDP (value of goods and services) • Medical & productivity cost (loss) to • • US business as % of GDP: (208/13, 000)*100 = 1. 6% National debt annual increase as a % of GDP: (300/13, 000)*100 = 2. 3% Katrina Gov. appropriations as %of GDP: (150/13, 000)*100 = 1. 2% 7

Parallel Terminal Systems DOAS air Induction Nozzle Sen Cooling Coil Radiant Cooling Panels Room air Chilled Beams Fan Coil Units Air Handling Units Unitary ACs 8

VAV problems solved with DOAS plus Radiant or Chilled Beam • • Poor air distribution. Poor humidity control. Poor acoustical properties. Poor use of plenum and mechanical shaft space. Serious control problems, particularly with tracking return fan systems. Poor energy transport medium, air. Poor resistance to the threat of biological and chemical terrorism, and Poor and unpredictable ventilation performance. 9

Additional benefits of DOAS Beside solving problems that have gone unsolved for over 30 years with conventional VAV systems, note the following benefits: • Greater than 50% reduction in mechanical system operating cost compared to VAV. • Equal or lower first cost. • Simpler controls. • Generates up to 80% of points needed for basic LEED certification. 10

DOAS with Parallel Radiant OA Outdoor air unit with TER Radiant Panel Space 3, DOAS in parallel w/ CRCP 11

Sample DOAS pitfalls? • • • Wrong supply air temperature. Wrong controls for the enthalpy wheel. Wrong controls for the heating coil. Wrong controls for the cooling coil. Wrong location for the heating coil. 12

Quick Review of DOAS system psychrometrics 13

RA OA 5 2 1 PH 196 4 3 Space 168 CC 1 Other regions? Next slide 112 2 wet 3 dry 140 4, 5 84 56 28 Humidity ratio (grains/lb) EW

EW control for various OA conditions EW on when OA h > RA h 196 168 140 wet EW off 84 56 dry EW to modulate or duty cycle to hold SAT SP when OA < SAT SP EW off 28 Humidity ratio (grains/lb) 112

EW off EW on 196 168 Cleaning cycle when off! 140 Frost protection when cold 112 outside! 84 56 28 Humidity ratio (grains/lb) Example of an incorrect EW control logic

> 3 ton cooling lost with wheel off Reheat adds 2. 8 tons of cooling load, plus the heating energy wasted in the 1, 710 cfm OA sys. Neutral temperature a huge energy waste! EW off, huge control error when it could significantly reduce the CC load if operating. CC Control based upon CC load ~ 10 ton maintaining a SA DPT, what happens if the OA is hot and dry ?

Failing to minimize the use of a chiller when it is cool outside — can be a pitfall for DOAS systems. • EW binary control—a duty cycle saves • chiller operation. EW using a VFD, maximizes the free cooling of a DOAS. 18

EW Duty cycle defined RAT, 72 F OAT=40 F SAT=OAT when EW off (40 F) SAT=OAT+(RAT-OAT)*EWeff (65. 6 F) EWeff, 0. 8 By adjusting the EW ON time (54. 7% or 8. 2 min) in 1 period (15 min) can get an avg. temperature equal to the desired SAT (54 F). Duty cycle changes to 100% ON at 40 F OAT to avoid tripping freeze stats. NOTE: HC must be off since when EW off, DAT < DATSP and the CC must be off when the EW on!

Heating Coil begins modulation at -18 F to maintain 54 F SAT 20

Sample of the duty cycle operation as the OA DBT rises through 40 F 15 min. cycle Duty cycle off, EW on 100% Not used when OA < 40 F to prevent tripping the freeze stat during EW off part of cycle EW on EW off Beginning of EW duty cycle Target avg. duty cycle temperature 21

Conclusions • • 100% OA DOAS systems discussed. IAQ cost benefits of decoupling discussed. A few parallel systems introduced. Operational benefits explored. Humans are still capable of falling into pits. A few pitfalls discussed. I am convinced DOAS is the future since it solves VAV problems at lower first and operating costs, while providing improved IEQ and safety! More information is available on the DOAS web site noted on the first page. 22

If Questions or need more on the control logic, feel free to contact: • S. A. Mumma, Prof of Arch. Engineering • • Penn State University 814 -863 -2091 e-mail: sam 11@psu. edu Snail Mail: 214 Engineering Unit A University Park, PA 16802 Visit the: http: //doas-radiant. psu. edu web site. 23