Decolonization And the Developing World Decolonization By the

Decolonization And the Developing World

Decolonization - By the end of 20 th century : most of world in post-industrial stage

Decolonization = the forced or willing freeing of colonies by their European controllers -Mainly after WWII; -1940 s-70 s = dozens of new nations

Results -Creation of “Third World” or “Developing World” -colonization or western pol. & econ. dominance = lag behind West -Areas = Middle East, Africa, Asia, Latin America -Geographically = “North-South Split”

Patterns of Decolonization - Differed depending on conditions: - Did they have to fight to become free? - Enlightenment of colonizer? Active assistance w/transition to freedom? - Serious native divisions? - Diversification of new economy vs. maintaining monoculture & extraction of resources - Settler vs. Non-Settler Colony

Regional Characteristics -Indian sub-continent -1858 - British India (Raj) becomes: -Independent India - 1947 -Islamic regions become East & West Pakistan; then Pakistan & Bangladesh.

During WWI • Britain promised Indian nationalists selfgovernment IF they supported the war effort – Government of India Act – 1919 • Transferred powers to local Indian-elected leaders – Britain still wanted India as a colony • Independence rallies – met with resistance • Did not support: – Freedom of Press – Freedom of assembly

Mahatma Gandhi Indian Independence Leader – English educated – Hindu – Practiced law in South Africa – From wealthy family – Known for: • • • Nationalist – Indian National Congress Civil disobedience Non-violence Attempts to heal rift between Muslims and Hindus 1929 – Salt March – led protestors on a 80 mile walk to the sea to protest the government’s monopoly on salt

Conflict between Hindu and Muslims • After WWII – Britain gives India independence 1947 • Transition is chaotic with Muslims and Hindus turning against each other • 1947 India is partitioned: – India – Hindu • Leader = Gandhi - killed • Leader = Jawaharlal Nehru (Indian National Congress) – wanted a more modern industrial India – Pakistan – Muslim • Kashmir (disputed area between Pakistan & India)

Republic of India • Jawaharlal Nehru (1 st Prime Minister of India, 1947 -64) lead western-style indust. & econ. reforms in India. • 1950 Constitution – prohibit caste discrimination • India = World’s largest democratic nation • Federalist system; many powers granted to the states.

See Organizer Regional Characteristics -Africa -Right to self-determination -Peaceful + violent revolutions -Pan Africanism – continental unity; cultural pride -Resentment toward colonial rule/exploitation

Algeria Colonizing Power: France 1950 – revolution Arab Nationalists (National Liberation Front) vs French supporters 1962 - Charles De Gaulle (leader of French resistance during WWII) negotiated Algerian independence - Struggle after independence – mass exodus of over 1 million Europeans from Algeria (most of which held government positions). Gold Coast/Ghana Colonizing power: Great Britain -Strikes and other mass peaceful protests -British institute gradual withdrawal -Ghana creates constitution -Britain still controls foreign policy, defense & econ. -- Brit. bows to international pressure -Complete independence - 1957 -Kwame Nkrumah, leader of protests; = first ruler of Ghana- first African country to gain independence! African Decolonization Movements Kenya Colonizing Power: Great Britain -Large British population - Mau, anti-colonial group, wages a bloody guerilla campaign against Brit. rule – 1952 - British meet Mau with force - World opinion forces Britain withdrawal - Independence achieved -1963 - Jomo Kenyatta, an advocate for peaceful demonstrations, emerges as Kenya’s first ruler South Africa Colonizing Power: Britain/White minority 1913 – African National Congress (ANC) – party formed to protest treatment of Africans 1948 – Apartheid (segregation of races) 1964 - Nelson Mandela led fight against Apartheid – imprisoned for life - 1990 – Mandela released due to increased international pressure, sanctions - 1994 – Mandela elected South Africa’s first black president in truly democratic elections - - Apartheid officially ends

The categories included in DAI are: Infrastructure (number of fixed and mobile subscribers), Affordability (internet access price as percentage of the Gross National Income per capita), Knowledge (adult literacy and school enrolment level), Quality (international bandwidth per capita and broadband subscribers) and Usage (internet users).

-Middle East - after defeat of Ottoman Empire WW I -Brit. + French Mandate System established by LON -Granted independence after WW II

-New States Created: - French mandates = Syria & Lebanon -British mandates = Jordan & Israel (from Palestine)

-1948 - Jewish state of Israel carved out of 1922 “Mandate of Palestine” -Source of regional Arab-Israeli wars & continuing tensions

• Arab-Israeli Wars: 1948, ’ 56, ’ 67 (Six Day War), ‘ 73 Israel victorious in all Expands territory Many Arab Palestinians displaced by war Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) formed to represent the stateless people – Refugee camps created – – • Camp David Accords – 1978 – Egypt Recognizes Israeli statehood – Israel returns land to Egypt – Ends decades of conflict between nations

• Decolonization in Egypt – Egyptian Revolution (1952) – 1952 = Gamel Abdel Nasser becomes nationalist leader • Ends monarchy and British occupation • 1956 - Nationalized the Suez canal; now belongs to Egypt • Built Aswan High Dam – Provide irrigation – Hydroelectricity – Both key for Egyptian economic expansion - League of Arab States (Pan Arabism) created. Goal = to strengthen and unite Arab countries

Aswan Dam and Lake Nasser

Iran • 1921 – Pahlavi dynasty (Supported by U. S. & Gr. Brit. ) – comes to power • Creates a military dictatorship • Supported by U. S. in 1950’s (Containment of U. S. S. R) • Uses oil profits used to modernize Iran

– Shah reforms: • Secularized Iran; moved away from religious traditions • Offended many nationalists/Islamists • Seen by Iranians as a pawn of foreign powers – In the late 1970 s a decline in oil prices caused massive unemployment and rural unrest – Iranian Revolution of 1978 • Shah fled the country • Ayatollah Khomeini came to power – Defended Islamic fundamentalism – literal interpretation of Islamic texts – Social conservatism – Depicted the US as “Great Satan”

Regional Characteristics -Middle East -Post-War Development dominated by: -Strategic & economic importance as source of petroleum (oil) – OPEC = Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries -urge to modernize vs. preservation of Islamic culture -Destabilizing effects of Arab-Israeli conflict since 1948 -Authoritarianism

Limits of Decolonization - Western influences remained strong - West dominates trade - Exploitation of resources - Minimal gains for majority of population - Impact of civil war

Morocco Colonizing Power: France - Moroccans form a rebel army and fight French rule in 1920 -30 s - Site of heavy fighting during WW 2 - After WW 2, area of open warfare as French try to retake Morocco - French withdrawal military in 1955; Independ. -1956 - Monarchy established African Decolonization Movements Congo Colonizing Power: Belgium - Congo removed as a personal estate of King Leopold in 1908 because of brutality - Reforms instituted including education - Oppressive rule persists - 1950 s - Rebel forces organized to fight Belgian rule - Belgians bow to world opinion and violence withdraw forces -Independence achieved -1960 -Congo Civil War erupts Gold Coast/Ghana Colonizing power: Great Britain -Strikes and other mass peaceful protests -British institute gradual withdrawal -Ghana creates constitution -Britain still controls foreign policy, defense & econ. -- Brit. bows to internat. pressure -Increase push for full independence -Complete independence - 1957 -Kwame Nkrumah, leader of protests; = first ruler of Ghana- first African country to gain independence! 1. Comparative thesis on independence movements in Ghana and Kenya. : 2. What do you think accounted for the difficult transition of the Congo compared to the other three nations? 3. Common pattern/s between all 4 independence Kenya Colonizing Power: Great Britain -Large British population - Mau, anti-colonial group, wages a bloody guerilla campaign against Brit. rule – 1952 - British meet Mau with force - World opinion forces Britain withdrawal - Independence achieved -1963 - Jomo Kenyatta, an advocate for peaceful demonstrations, emerges as Kenya’s first ruler

Algeria African Decolonization Movements Colonizing Power: France 1950 – revolution Arab Nationalists (National Liberation Front) vs French supporters 1962 - Charles De Gaulle (leader of French resistance during WWII) negotiated Algerian independence - Struggle after independence – mass exodus of over 1 million Europeans from Algeria (most of which held government positions). Gold Coast/Ghana Colonizing power: Great Britain -Strikes and other mass peaceful protests -British institute gradual withdrawal -Ghana creates constitution -Britain still controls foreign policy, defense & econ. -- Brit. bows to international pressure -Complete independence - 1957 -Kwame Nkrumah, leader of protests; = first ruler of Ghana- first African country to gain independence! 1. Comparative thesis on independence movements in Ghana and Kenya. : 2. Commonalities between Algerian and South African independence movements? 3. Common pattern/s between all 4 independence movements? Kenya Colonizing Power: Great Britain -Large British population - Mau, anti-colonial group, wages a bloody guerilla campaign against Brit. rule – 1952 - British meet Mau with force - World opinion forces Britain withdrawal - Independence achieved -1963 - Jomo Kenyatta, an advocate for peaceful demonstrations, emerges as Kenya’s first ruler South Africa Colonizing Power: Britain/White minority 1913 – African National Congress (ANC) – party formed to protest treatment of Africans 1948 – Apartheid (segregation of races) 1964 - Nelson Mandela led fight against Apartheid – imprisoned for life - 1990 – Mandela released due to increased international pressure, sanctions - 1994 – Mandela elected South Africa’s first black president in truly democratic elections - - Apartheid officially ends

Warm UP: What are the commonalities between the fall of the Soviet Union and the decolonization of Africa?