Deborah in front of Conaree Sanitary Landfill Energy

Deborah in front of Conaree Sanitary Landfill Energy Resource from Landfills for St. Christopher & Nevis Presented by Deborah L. Cool, MS MD and Ph. D Candidate 8165 -1 Environmental Health, Walden University Dr. Howard Rubin Summer 2010 1

Conaree Sanitary Facility 2

St. Kitts and Nevis – Paradise under Threat? 3

Learning Outcomes Prolonged exposure to methane leads to disease Danger: Gas explosion possible How landfill methane is produced Generates electricity for 2, 000 -3, 000 homes per landfill Make ca$h from tra$h International assistance available 4

Long-term Health Risks from Methane Gas Exposure Bladder cancer Leukemia COPD Bednar, J. (2003). Trash Power: Westfield (MA) Will Convert Landfill Methane to Energy. Business. West. October 1 2003. http: //www. allbusiness. com/specialty-businesses/916582 -1. html 5

About Methane Chemical structure of methane (CH 4) Reference: http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Natural_gas 6

How Methane gets Produced from a Landfill Anaerobic decomposition of trash piled like a layer cake of trash and dirt The dirt helps control the smell and keeps animals at bay Rainfall helps encourage natural decomposition Methane rises, either escaping into the atmosphere OR trapped within 7

Collecting Methane Reference: Hafez, H. et al. (2010). An integrated system for hydrogen and methane production during landfill leachate treatment. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy; May 2010, 8 Vol. 35 Issue 10, p 5010 -5014, 5 p.

Methane contributes to Greenhouse Gases Non-CO 2 greenhouse gases: Methane contributes 14. 3% globally Reference: IPCC 4 th Assessment Report: Climate Change 2007: Synthesis Report 9

Converting Methane to Electricity Chemical Energy Mechanical Energy Electrical Energy 10

Filtration Process of Collected Methane Collect methane from 15 -20 wells Clean before use 11

Biogenerators Electricity Direct Generation Use Cogeneration Alternate Fuels Reference: Learn about Landfills and Methane Gas. http: //www. recyclingsuperguide. com/learn-about-landfills-and-methane-gas-2 12

Benefits of Landfill Gas Energy Converts methane, a potent heat-trapping gas Generates renewable energy and offsets the use of non-renewable resources such as coal, natural gas, and oil Cost–effective options for reducing methane emissions while generating energy Reduces local air pollution Creates jobs, revenues, and cost savings Reference: http: //www. epa. gov/lmop/documents/pdfs/lfg_modeling. pdf 13

Making Ca$h from Tra$h A Vancouver, Canada landfill generates a revenue stream of $400, 000 US per year for the next 20 years Learn about Landfills and Methane Gas. http: //www. recyclingsuperguide. com/learn-about landfills-and-methane-gas-2 14

o o o International Activities: LMOP promoting Landfill Gas Recovery and Use Outreach Education Technical Assistance Economic Feasibility 15

About the partnership Purpose: o Stimulates local economic growth o Creates new sources of affordable alternative energy o Improves local air and water quality o Increases industrial worker safety 16

Conclusions Prolonged exposure to methane leads to disease Potential hazardous gas explosion without proper collection How landfill methane is produced Generate electricity for 4, 000 -6, 000 homes (2, 000 -3, 000 homes per island) Make ca$h from tra$h Contact LMOP and Methane to Markets 17

Sources for further reading Donovan, S. et al. (2010). Modelling the Behaviour of Mechanical Biological Treatment Outputs in Landfills using the Gas. Sim model. Science of the Total Environment; Mar 2010, Vol. 408 Issue 8, p 19791984, 6 p. EPA. (2003). International Analysis of Methane and Nitrous Oxide Abatement Opportunities: Report to Energy Modeling Forum, Working Group 21. U. S. Environmental Protection Agency. June, 2003. http: //www. epa. gov/climatechange/economics/pdfs/methodologych 4. p df EPA. (2006). Global Anthropogenic Non-CO 2 Greenhouse Gas Emissions: 1990 -2020, revised. http: //www. epa. gov/climatechange/economics/downloads/Global. Anthr o. Emissions. Report. pdf Tolaymat, T. et al. (2010). Evaluation of landfill gas decay constant for municipal solid waste landfills operated as bioreactors. Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association. Jan 2010. Vol. 60(1), pp. 91 -7. 18

References Agriculture, (2010). Personal Interview by staff in Ministry of Agriculture, Basseterre, St. Kitts, on July 17, 2010. Bednar, J. (2003). Trash Power: Westfield (MA) Will Convert Landfill Methane to Energy. Business. West. October 1 2003. http: //www. allbusiness. com/specialty-businesses/916582 -1. html Energy from Urban Waste. (2009). http: //www. seco. cpa. state. tx. us/re_biomass-urban. htm http: //www. epa. gov/lmop/documents/pdfs/lfg_modeling. pdf Ewail, M. (2007). Primer on Landfill Gas as "Green" Energy. http: //www. energyjustice. net/lfg/ Hafez, H. et al. (2010). An integrated system for hydrogen and methane production during landfill leachate treatment. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy ; May 2010, Vol. 35 Issue 10, p 5010 -5014, 5 p. How to Produce Electricity from a Biogas Digester. http: //www. anaerobicdigestion. com/html/electricity_from_methane_diges. php Figueroa, V. et al. (2009). A Robust Method for Estimating Landfill Methane Emissions. Journal Of The Air & Waste Management Association (1995) [J Air Waste Management Assoc] 2009 Aug; Vol. 59 (8), pp. 925 -35. Learn about Landfills and Methane Gas. http: //www. recyclingsuperguide. com/learn-about-landfills-andmethane-gas-2 Ryu, C. (2010). Potential of municipal solid waste for renewable energy production and reduction of greenhouse gas emissions in South Korea. Journal of The Air & Waste Management Association. Feb 2010. Vol. 60 (2), pp. 176 -83. Sri Shalini, S. et al. (2010). Biological stability of municipal solid waste from simulated landfills under tropical environment. Bioresource Technology; Feb 2010, Vol. 101 Issue 3, p 845 -852, 8 p http: //www. uspowerpartners. org/Topics/SECTION 6 Topic-Landfill. Methane. htm http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Natural_gas 19