Death and Dying Schools of Thought Nahjul Balaaghah

Death and Dying ﺍﻟﻤﺬﺍﻫﺐ Schools of Thought Nahjul Balaaghah about Death and Dying By A. S. Hashim. MD

Nahjul Balaaghah about Death and Dying Supplication ﺑـﺴـــﻢ ﺍﻟﻠﻪ ﺍﻟﺮﺣﻤﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﺣﻴﻢ In the Name of God, Lord of Mercy and Lord of Grace

Nahjul Balaaghah about Death and Dying Nahjul Balaaghah, a highly valued book, consists of: – – – 254 sermons, 48 letters, and 212 sayings of Imam Ali Nahjul Balaaghah is unique to Imam Ali None of the Sahaaba was ever able to produce anything like it: 1. neither in substance 2. nor in literary eloquence. No wonder Ali was referred to as: 1. Sayyid al-Bulaghaa' (Pinnacle of Literary Expression) and 2. Sayyid al-Fu'qahaa, (Pinnacle of the Jurisprudents)

Nahjul Balaaghah about Death and Dying References about Death and Dying Nahjul Balaaghah contains 23 references about death and Dying, some of which appear here The quotes appear in various sermons, – said at variable occasions and – about different subjects. 1. The Arabic quotes are from the book of Nahjul Balaaghah, by Dr. Subhi Al-Salih, and so is the numbering of the sermons and pages, 1 st Edition, Beirut 1967. 2. The Number of the sermons may differ by a factor of 1 in other volumes of Nahjul Balaaghah 3. The references are quotes by Abd al-Zahra' al-Husayni in vols. I & IV of his work (see Al-Islam. org, internet)

Nahjul Balaaghah about Death and Dying Time Element The majority of Ali's sayings and speeches were stated: – – During his Khilaafah when in Kufa, At Different Places At Different Occasions Often at Khutba of Jumu’ah

Nahjul Balaaghah about Death and Dying In Sermon 64, Page 95 Ali: about Death #1 See next slide please Other sources: 1. Al-'Amidi, Ghurar, 105, 154, 155, 246; 2. Sibt, Tadhkirah, 145. 3. Nasr, Siffin, * 7

Nahjul Balaaghah about Death and Dying In Sermon 64, Ali: about Death #1 So a person has heeded his Lord, and has admonished himself, declared his repentance, and overpowered his passion, Since death is concealed from him, his hopes deceive him, and Satan is enticing for him, ─that he may commit sin, prompting him to delay repentance, till his death suddenly overtakes him, unawares. How bad it is that for the negligent person to see his life itself as a proof against him, and his own sinful days lead him to sorrow intense. We implore Allah to make us and you like one who is not indisposed of Allah’s bounty, whereby no aim ever reduces his obedience to his Lord, nor after death befalls him shame or grief. ، ، ﺍ l ﻳ ، ﺍ ﺍ ، ﻭﺍﻟ ﺍ ﻩ ، ﺍ ، ﻭ l. ﺣﻯ ﻡ ﺍ ﻭ ﺍ ، ﺍﻟ ﺍ ! ﺍ ﻯ ﺍﻟ ، ﺍﺍ ﻯ ﻱ ﺓ ﻭ l ﻻ ، ﻻ ﺍ ﺍ ، ﺍﻟﻠ ﺍ ﺍ ﺍ ﻻ l ﺍﺍﻻآ

Nahjul Balaaghah about Death and Dying In Sermon 85, Page 116 Ali: See next slide please Other sources: 1. Abu Nu`aym, Hilyah, I, 77; 2. al-Wasiti, `Uyun al-hikam; 3. Sibt, Tadhkirah, 131; 4. Ibn Talhah, Matalib, I, 140 about Death #2

Nahjul Balaaghah about Death and Dying In Sermon 85, Ali: about Death #2 O' servants of Allah! Take heed and learn ﺍﻭﺍ ﺍﻻﻱ ، ﺍ ﻭﺍ ﺍ ﺍﻟﻠ ﺍﻟ ﺍﻟ ﺍ l from the distinctive events, and consider their ، ﺍﻭﺍ ﺍﻟ ﺍﺍ ، ﺍﻟ ﺍ shining indications. Be cautioned by the ، ﺍ ﺍﻻ ﻭ ، ﺍ ﻻ ﺍﻻ ، ﺍ ﺍ l major warnings, and benefit from ، ﺍﻟ ﺍ ﻟﻰ ﺍ ﺍﻟﻭ admonitions and goodly preaching. . ﺍ ﻭﺍ ﻯ ﺍ; ﺷﺎ ﺍ ﺍ : ﺱ ﺍ ﺍ ﻳ l It is as though the claws of death are pressed in you, cut asunder is the clinging to your wishes and hopes, the hard affairs have befallen you and you continue to march towards the place that eventually everyone has to go to. Hence, “With every soul there is a driver and a witness". The driver drives it towards resurrection while the witness furnishes evidence about his deeds.

Nahjul Balaaghah about Death and Dying In Sermon 91, Page 134 Ali: about Death #3 See next slide please Other sources: 1. Mas`adah ibn Sadaqah, author of Khutab Amir al 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Mu'minin; Ibn `Abd Rabbih, al-`Iqd, II, 406; al-Saduq, al-Tawhid, 34; al-Zamakhshari, Rabi`, I, bab al-mala'ikah; Ibn al-'Athir, al-Nihayah, discusses its unusual (gharib) phrases in several places; Ibn Tawus, Faraj al-mahmum, 56.

Nahjul Balaaghah about Death and Dying In Sermon 91, Ali: about Death #3 Allah has fixed ages and made them long or short, young or old, and He connected them to death by their causes. He made death able to pull the reigns of ages and cut them asunder. He knows all secrets of those who conceal them, the hidden conversations of those who engage in them, the inner feelings of those who indulge in guessing, He also knows the nexus of established faith, the inklings of the eyes, the mysteries of the hearts’ content, and the depths of the unknown. He also knows what the ears can hear, in whimpering or whisper, ، ﺍ ﺍﺍ ، ﺍﻻﺍ ﺍﺍ ﺍ l. ﺍﻋ ﻟﺭﺍﺍﺍ ، ﺍﺟ ﻻ ﺍﺍ l ، ﺍ ﺍﻟ ﻭ ، ﻯ ﺍﺍﻳ ، ﺍ ﺍﻟ ﺍ ﺍﻳ l ﺍ ، ﺍﺍ ﺍﻭ ، ﺍ ﻳﺍ ﺍﻭ ، ﻳﺍ ﺍﻳ ، ﻻﺍ ﺍ ﺍﻻ ﺍ

Nahjul Balaaghah about Death and Dying In Sermon 109, Page 160 Ali: about Death #4 See next slide please Other sources: 1. Ibn `Abd Rabbih, al-`Iqd, IV, 76; 2. al-Zamakhshari, Rabi`, bab al-mala'ikah; 3. al-'Amidi, Ghurar

Nahjul Balaaghah about Death and Dying In Sermon 109, Ali: about Death #4 Dying would keep on till a person’s hearing and speech lose their functions, he lies prostrate among his people, neither speaking with his tongue nor hearing with his ears, rotating his glance over their faces, watching the movements of their tongues, but not hearing their speaking. Then dying increases its sway over him, his sight suffers as the ears, and the spirit would depart from his body. He would then become just a body among his people, who would miss him, yet get away from near him. He cannot join a mourner nor respond to a caller. They carry him to a small place in the ground, deliver him in it to face his deeds, and then they stop from visiting him. : ﻻ ، ﺍ ﻻ ﺍ ، ﺍ ﺍ ﻱ ﻯ ﺍ ﺍ l. ﻻ ﻻ ، ﻯ ﺍ ، ﺍﻟ ﻓﻲ ﻭﻭ ﺃ ، ﺍ ﻳ ، ﺍﻟ ﻭ ، ﺍﺍ ﺍ ﺍﺍﻃ l. ﻻ ﻳ ﺍﻳ ، ﻻ ﺍﻳ. ﺍﻭﺍ ، ﻭﺍ ﺍ ﺍﻭﺍ ، ﻭ ﻳ ﻯ ، ﻭ ﻯ ﻱ ﺍﻻ l

Nahjul Balaaghah about Death and Dying In Sermon 113, Page 168 Ali: about Death #5 See next slide please Other sources: 1. Al-Zamakhshari, Rabi`, at the beginning; 2. al-'Amidi, Ghurar, 86, 189.

Nahjul Balaaghah about Death and Dying In Sermon 113, Ali: about Death #5 Listen to the call of death before you are called by the death itself. The hearts of the denouncers of this world weep even though they may be laughing, and their grief increases even in their happiness. They disfavor their own selves despite their share of Allah’s great bounty. But it seems that remembrance of death has left your hearts while false hopes are present in them. So this world has mastered you more than the next world, and the present world has taken you away from the remote one (of the next life). You are brethren in the religion of Allah, but what dispersed you is foul nature and bad conscience. You do not bear burdens of each other, nor advise each other, nor spend on each other, nor love each other. . ﻭﺍ ﺍ آﺍ ﻯ l ، ﻭﺍ ، ﺍﻟ ﺍﻳ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟ ﺍ ﻱ ﻭ ﻭﺍ l. ﺍﻭﺍ ﺍ ﻭﺍ ﺍﺍ ، ﺍ ﺍﻟ ﺍ ﺍﻻ ، ﺍ ﺍﻻﺍ ، ﺍ ﻭ ﺍﻻﺍ l ، ﺍﻻ ﻭ ، ﺍ ﻻ ﺍﻟ ﺍ ، ﺍ ﻡ ﺍ ﻯ ﻳ ﺍﻟﻠ l ﻻ ﺍ ﻭ ، ﻻ ﺍﻭ ، ﺍﻟ ﻣﺎ

Nahjul Balaaghah about Death and Dying In Sermon 156, Page 219 Ali: about Death #6 See next slide please Other sources: 1. Al-Tusi, Talkhis al-Shafi, I, 326; 2. al-Hilli, Mukhtasar Basa'ir al-darajat, 195; 3. al-Tabarsi, al-'Ihtijaj, I, 326; 4. al-Muttaqi, Kanz, VIII, 215; 5. al-Majlisi, Bihar, bab al-fitan wa al-mihan, 448.

Nahjul Balaaghah about Death and Dying In Sermon 156, Ali: about Death #6 By faith guidance to virtuous deeds is sought while by virtuous deeds guidance to faith is achieved. Knowledge prospers through faith, and due to knowledge is the dread of death. By death this world comes to an end, and through this world you secure the next by virtue of your deeds. There is no escape from resurrection, heading for this ending in its appointed course. A part of the same sermon: They get up from their graves and set off for the final target. Every house has its own people, they do not exchange it nor will they be shifted from there. Commanding for good and refraining from evil are two dimensions of Allah, Glory be to Him, they can neither bring death near nor lessen sustenance. ، ﺍﻟ ﺍﺍ ﻯ ﺍﻻ ﻳﺍ ، ﺍﻻ ﻳﺍ ﻯ ﺍﻟ ﺍﺍ l ، ﺍ ﺍ ، ﺍﻻ ﻳﺍ ﺍ ﻳ ، ﺍ ﻻ ﺍﺍ ، ﺍﻟ ﺍ ﺍﻻ ، ﺍ ﺍﻟ ﺍ l. ﻱ ﻣﺎﺍ ﻯ ﺍﺍ ﺍﻯ [ ]ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻝ ﺃﻬﻞ ﺍﻟﻘﺒﻮﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﻣﺔ : ﻣﻨﻪ l ﻻ ، ﺍﺭ ﺍ ، ﺍﻭﺍ ﻟﻰ ﺍ ﺍﺍﺍ ، ﻭﺍ ﺍﻻ ﺍ . ﻭ ﺍ ﻻ ﻭ ﺍ

Nahjul Balaaghah about Death and Dying In Sermon 188, Page 278 Ali: about Death #7 See next slide please Other sources: 1. Abu Mansur al-Tha`alibi, al-'I`jaz wa al-'Ijaz, 31

Nahjul Balaaghah about Death and Dying In Sermon 188, Ali: about Death #7 Remember death and reduce your disregard for it. How can you disregard Him Who is not heedless of you? What to anticipate from the angel of death who will give you no time? Suffice it as a preacher the dead whom you watch, being carried to their graves not moving, and placed in the pit but not of their own accord. As if they were not builders in this world, and as if the next world had always been their abode. The place in which they were living misses them, but now they are living where they used to try to avoid. Busy in what they had to leave, and cared not for where they were to go. Neither they can blot out their misdeeds, nor add to their virtuous deeds. They were attached to the world and it deceived them, they trusted it and it overturned them ! ﻳ ؟ ، ﺍ ، ﻻ ﺍ ، ﻭﻳ ﺍ l ، ﻭﺍ ﻳﺍ ﺍﻳ ، ﻭﺍ ﺇﻯ ﻭ ﺍﻳ ، ﻯ ﺍﻇ ﻯ ﺍﻭ l ﺷﺍ ﺍ ﺍﻭﺍ ، ﺍﻻ ﺍﺭ ، ﻭﻭﺍ ﻟ ﺍ ﺍﺭ ، ﻭﺍ ﺍ ﺍﻭﺍ ﻭﻭ ، ﻻ ﻳﺢ ﻳﻭ ﺍﺍﻻ ، ﺍﻭﺍ ﺍ ﺍﻭﺍ l. ﻭﺍ ﺍ ، ﻭﺍ ﺍﻟ ﺍ ﻏ ، ﻻ ﻱ ﻥ ﻳﻭ ﺍﺍﺩ

Nahjul Balaaghah about Death and Dying In Sermon 230, Page 351 Ali: about Death #8 See next slide please Other sources: 1. Ibn al-'Athir, al-Nihayah, I, 355, II, 61, 103, III, 174; 2. al-'Amidi, Ghurar, 112, 148, 213.

Nahjul Balaaghah about Death and Dying In Sermon 230, Ali: about Death #8 Perform good deeds, for such deeds enhance your value, and repent so that you benefit, and the Du'aa can be heard, and while the circumstances are quiet, and the two angels are recording your actions. Hasten towards virtue before aging, lingering illness, or the snatching of death. Death will end your enjoyments, mar your pleasures, and distance you from your target. It is an unwelcome visitor, an invincible adversary, and a killer not asked for. Death entraps you, its misfortune surrounds you, its arrowheads have aimed at you. Its sway over you is great, its power over you keeps increasing and the chance of its missing you is nill. . ﺍﻻ ﻻ ﺍ ، ﺍﺍ ﺍ ، ﺍﻟ ، ﺍﻭﺍ ﺍ l ، ﺗ ﺍﺳ ، ﺿ ﺍﺳ ، ﺍﻭﺍ ﺍﻻ ﺍ ﺭ ﺍﻛ l ، ﺍ ﻭﺏ ، ﺍ ﺍ ﺍ l ، ﺍﺗ ﻭﺏ ، ﺍ ، ﻳ ، ﺍ ، ﺍ l

Nahjul Balaaghah about Death and Dying In Sermon 235, Page 355 Ali: about Death #9 See next slide please Other sources: 1. Al-Mufid, al-'Amali, 60; 2. Ibn al-'Athir, al-Nihayah, III, 143 (t. y. b); 3. Muhammad ibn Habib, al-'Amali, 112; 4. Ahmad ibn Hanbal, Musnad, hadith 228; 5. Ibn Hisham, al-Sirat al-Nabawiyyah, IV, 213; 6. al-Baladhuri, Ansab, I, 571; 7. Abu Ishaq Ibrahim ibn al-Sari ibn Sahl al-Nahwi, al-'Amali; 8. For (3) & (4) see `Abd al-Zahra', III, 182.

Nahjul Balaaghah about Death and Dying In Sermon 235, Ali: about Death #9 Having washed the body of the Prophet (pbuh) for burial, Ali said: Lo! O' Messenger of Allah! With your death Prophethood has been terminated, and so the process of revelation, and heavenly messages. You made us so special that even your grief has become consolation; and you generalized, so grief is equally shared by all Muslims. Were it not for endurance you asked for, and fright you forbade, we would have shed a store of tears. Even the pain won’t subside nor the grief end, and that would be too little. But death cannot be reversed nor possible to repulse. May my father and my mother die for you; O’ Prophet! Do remember us with Allah and take care of us. ﻗﺎﻟﻪ ﻭﻫﻮ ﻳﻠﻲ ﻏﺴﻞ ﺭﺳﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻠﻪ l ﺍﻟﻠﻪ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻭآﻠﻪ( ﻭﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰﻩ ، ﺍﻟ ﺍﻻ ﺍ ﻭﺍ ﺍﻟ ﻣﺎ ﺍ ﺍ ، ﻱ ﻭ ﻱ l ، ﻯ ﺍ ﺍﻟ ﺍ ﻳ ﻭﺍ ، ﻯ ﻳ ﺍ ، ﺍ ﺍﻟ ﺍ ﺍﻻ ، ﻻ ﺍ ﺍ ﺍﻟ ﻭ ، ﺍ ، ﻻ ﺍﻟ l ! ﻻ ﺍ ، ﻻ ! ﻟ ﺍ ﻻ ، ﺍ ﺍﻓ ! ﺍﺍ ﺍ ، ﻱ ﻱ! ﺍﺍ l )ﺻﻠﻰ

Nahjul Balaaghah about Death and Dying In Ali’s Will: Letter 31, Ali: about Death #10 Remember that the Lord is the Master of death and life. The Creator is the Annihilator, and the Annihilator brings back to existence. The One who afflicts you also protects you. This world is ordained by Allah, with pleasures, trials, rewards on the Day of Judgment, and with others He wishes but you may not know. There are many matters of which you are ignorant, and your sight first wanders then after this you will recognize them and realize. Hold to your Lord who created you, fed you, and put you in order. Your worship should be for Him, and your eagerness towards Him, and your fear be of Him. ، ﺍ ﺍﺍﻱ ، ﺍ ﺍﻳ ، ﺍ ﺍ ﺍﻟﺍ l ﺍﺍ ، ﺍﻻ ﻻ ، ﺍﻟ ﺍ ﻻ ﻯ ﺍ ﺍ ﺍﻟﻠ ﺍﻟ ﺍ l ﺍ ﺍﻻ ، ﺫ ﺍ ﻯ ﺍ ، ﺍﺍ ﺍ ﻻ ﺗ ، ﻱ ﺍﺍ ! ﺫ ﻳ ، ﺍ ﺍ ﺍﻻ ،. ، ، ، ﺍ ﺍﻱ ﺍ l

Nahjul Balaaghah about Death and Dying Be in Allah’s Care Thank you and May God Bless you. Dr. A. S. Hashim