DC steady state 직류 정상 상태 Mean : All currents and voltages in that cct are constant. All independent sources -> dc sources only In dc steady state, where all currents and voltages are constants, inductors are replaced by short ccts and capacitors by open ccts.
DC steady state Example 6> 왼쪽회로를 DC steady state 에서의 등가회로 바꿔라. L : Short C : open
Practical capacitor and inductor (a) Practical capacitor (b) Practical Inductor 실제의 캐패시터와 인덕터는 소자자체로 전력을 소비하게 만드는 저항을 포함한다. (leakage current, ohmic current, eddy current loss의 형태로 전력소비)