Dating Decline Gurkha Regiment Victory Parade Pall Mall

Dating Decline Gurkha Regiment Victory Parade Pall Mall 1919 But the dates: the result: WWI inter-war Constitutional Challenges mandate challenges WWII resource drain 1947 – India 1956 – Suez 1960 s – all over a Commonwealth of Nations

Decline or re-definition?

20 C: decolonization in a neo-colonial world → formal, political ‘Nationalist’ aspirations → communal identities → metropolitan interests → settler society → Superpower meddling INC

Arguments for Empire Military: garrisons in Empire [19 C strategy] use of Indian army restricted from 1920 s asset in WWII in Europe/ceased to outside Economic case: growing industrialization in Canada, India, Australia – lost ‘traditional’ benefit net gain Moral argument: pride emotional commitment But, pressure from outside and inside

Three paths to a postcolonial world: 1. rapid disengagement 2. constitutional disengagement 3. armed resistance complicated by: neo-imperial intervention never simple

Pre 1945 disengagement ugly: geographies of identity in Palestine German colony, Haifa Baha’i World Center Ein Hod artist’s colony

כפר רופין kibbutz movement in modern Israel Nirdavid (1946)

Britain and Palestine • Arab history of fighting for local autonomy • Zionism: 19 C roots British mandated territories Holocaust domestic political pressure • Israel created (1947) • Palestine divided

1876 ‘the Lion’s Share’ vs. a bedraggled lion by 1956 What had changed?

Operation Kadesh State of Israel: 1949 Suez Crisis: 1956

Harold Macmillan’s diary Nassar as an ‘asiatic Mussolini’

That was: rapid disengagement [with a past] Next: constitutional negotiations [with complications]

Colonies and Mandates Ram Mohan Roy Nationalism in 19 C: intellectual movements popular anti-colonialism religious revival Mohandas Gandhi Promise of WWI: human ‘Progress’ possibilities as administrators gone experience of Europe in war used to political/military purpose hopes dashed: Peace Conference in colonies

Interwar British rule in India जल य व ल ब ग हतय क ड Defense of India Regulations • Ghadar conspiracy • Komagata Maru • Rowatt Acts (1919) • hartal • Jallianwala Bagh massacre • Brigadier-General Reginald Dyer • British Lieutenant-Governor of Punjab, Sir Michael O'Dwyer wrote: ‘Your action is correct. Lieutenant Governor approves. ’ •

Creation of a ‘Successful’ anti-colonial movement charismatic leader • ahimsa – resisting by non-resistance • World War •

Indian Independence Indian Nationalist Congress (INC) small elite → mass movement Mohandas K. Gandhi satyagraha; swadeshi; ahimsa Jawaharlal Nehru Muslim League Mohammed Ali Jinnah last British Viceroy, Lord Louis Mountbatten

Independence, 15 August 1947 and Partition creates India and Pakistan Mohammad Ali Jinnah Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru Lord and Lady Mountbatten

Independence – Partition August 1947

Characterizing Withdrawal

That was: constitutional negotiations [with complications] Next: armed resistance complicated by: neo-imperial intervention and, constitutional negotiations

‘The Mickeys were hard men and only hard methods would work with them. It was a war to save white civilization in Kenya and in war people get killed. ’ - A white policeman in Kenya http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=upc 6 y. MKPu 1 c

Kenya: Commerce and Civilization IBEA (1887) • ‘Lunatic Express’ to Lake Victoria • south Asian railway workers, become shopkeepers, urban artisan class • the Happy Valley ‘set’ •

Decolonization in Africa Issues of a Settler Society: pop. : Kenya various local groups kikuyu colonial administrators south Asian laborers and m. c. ‘white’ farmers and business Mau Rebellion Independence 1962

Organizing resistances 1920 s education jobs FGC 1930 s/40 s mau

‘White’ shareholders this alone is complex There was no ‘white’ perspective: 1. Settler society: well-off investors de-mob soldiers 2. Government-appointed administrators 3. British ‘liberal’ society 4. British conscripts “dad’s army”

Mau lost land locked into waged labour political leaders jailed attacked cattle, and people [32 killed altogether] forest resistance oathing ceremonies women’s work arrested concentration/re-education camps

British Africa: 1953 -80 Northern Rhodesia • fewer white settlers • Copper • administered by Colonial Office Southern Rhodesia • significant no. white settlers • displaced black societies →farming, mining • Political power→ 1923 internal selfgovernance Nyasaland • large population; generally poor • administered by Colonial Office

CAF: a White and Black Issue African opposition: Kenneth Kaunda (Northern Rhodesia) Hastings Banda (Nyasaland) 1959: political posturing media positioning popular protest White Settlers widespread detention orders Rhodesian Front British government independence referendum Harold Macmillan Nyasaland → Malawi northern Rhodesia → Zambia southern Rhodesia → 1965 Declaration of Independence international sanctions/guerilla war – 1980 - Zimbabwe

Neocolonialisms 1960 Ghanaian Independence constitutional process Kwame Nkrumah bauxite 1966 deposed – CIA backed coup Akosombo Dam Volta River British-planned IMF, UK, American-financed interest rate fixed (high) 20% electricity for Ghana – cannot access