Database Systems Instructor Name Muhammad Hafeez Lecture1 Course

Database Systems Instructor Name: Muhammad Hafeez Lecture-1

Course Overview Ø Develop understanding of Business/ commercial data oriented application Ø Develop the concepts of both theoretical as well as practical aspects of database Ø Main Emphasis on: Ø Introduction to Database Ø Database Design (Conceptual and Logical) Ø Structured Query Language (SQL) Ø Database Implementation (Through a commercial RDBMS) 2

Grading ØSemester Work (20%) Ø Assignments & Quizzes (5%) Ø Semester Project (15%) ØMid-Term (20%) ØFinal-Term (60%) 3

Guidelines Ø This is tentative grading Ø Quizzes shall be unannounced you can expect quiz on daily basis Ø Each Semester Project can be done in the group of at most two students Ø Each group select a unique topic of interest which my shall not be duplicated Ø Submit your topic till Mid-Term after duly approved from the course instructor Ø The detailed requirement of semester project shall be delivered to you as the course proceed 4

Recommended Books Ø Modern Database Management, 11 th Edition, Jaffery A. Hoffer et al. Ø Database System: Design, Implementation and Management, by Cathrine Recordo Ø Fundamentals of Database Systems, 5/E, Elmasri and Navathe Ø Database Systems: A Practical Approach to Design, Implementation and Management 5 E, R. Connolly and P. Begg, 5

Lecture Reference Modern Database Management, 11 th Edition, Jaffery A. Hoffer et al. CHAPTER - 1 6

Manual File System ØInitial systems to store and manage data files in the computers 7

Manual File System Examination System/ Application Prorams Examination Data Files Library Systems/ Application Programs Library Data Files Scholarship Systems/ Application Programs Scholarship Data Files 8

Disadvantages of File Systems ØDuplicate Data ØInconsistent Data ØNon-sharing of data ØProgram-Data Dependence 9

Database Approach Examination/ Application Programs Library/ Application Programs Scholarship/ Application Programs Database Management System University Database 10

Advantages of Database Systems Ø Program Data Independence Ø Separation of Data Descriptions from application programs Ø Planned Data Redundancy Ø Data is stored at single location and accessed anywhere in the database Ø Improved Data Consistency Ø Change in data is done in the entire database Ø Improved Data Sharing Ø Data is accessed at different user views from the same database Ø Increase Productivity of Applications Ø Enhance and improve the production of new application as well as extending the existing applications 11

Advantages of Database Systems ØIncreased Enforcement of Standards ØImproved Data Quality ØImproved Data Accessibility and Responsiveness ØReduced Program Maintenance ØImproved Decision Support 12

Data ØA collection of structured, unstructured data stored in a computer system. 13

Example of Data Ali Mustafa 021 -BSCS-14 Kamran 001 -BSCS-14 NASIR 031 -BSCS-14 14

Information ØA processed form of data to increase the knowledge of users who uses this data. 15

Example of Information Government College University Lahore List of Enrolled Students Course Title: Database System Course Code: CS-2014 Semester: V Student Name Roll # Ali Mustafa 021 -BSCS-14 Kamran 001 -BSCS-14 NASIR 031 -BSCS-14 16

Metadata ØData that describes the properties and characteristics of user data. ØAlso called “Data about data” ØData types, size, allowable values etc. 17

Database ØA shared collection of logically related data, designed to meet the information needs of multiple users in an organization. 18

History of Database Evolution ØFlat File Systems – (1960 -1970) ØHierarchical Data Model ØNetwork Data Model ØRelational Data Model – (1960 -Mid 1970) – (Mid 1970 - Present) 19

Contd- ØFlat File System Ø Data Storage Ø Record Management Ø But no Relationship between data 20

Contd- ØHierarchical Data Model Ø Developed to handle the large amount of data produced by complex manufacturing systems Ø Logically represented by up-side down tree Ø Each Hierarchical level or SEGMENT is equivalent to a Record type Ø Each parent and children has one-to-many relationship that is an advantage over the flat file system that had no relationship or navigations 21

Contd- ØHierarchical Data Model ØHowever, its disadvantage are: Ø No Standards which makes it less portable Ø Lack of structural independence Ø Only supports 1: M relationship Ø Complex to implement 22

Contd- Hierarchical Model Example 23

Metadata ØData that describes the properties and characteristics of user data. ØAlso called “Data about data” ØData types, size, allowable values etc. 24