Data data everywhere but not a geographical thought

Data, data everywhere but not a geographical thought to think? Dr Mary Fargher UCL Institute of Education m. fargher@ucl. ac. uk

OOverview • Critical perspectives on thinking geographically with GI data • New ways using GI data in constructing geographical knowledge • Recommendations for informing the use of GI data in geography teacher education

MULTI SCALE ‘STICKY OPEN DATA WEB-APPS BIG DATA’ MULTI PLATFORM VOLUNTEERED GEOGRAPHY DIGITAL EARTH WEB GIS GEOVISUALISATION PUBLIC PARTICIPATION MASH UPS 2010 s NEOGEOGRAPHY 2000 s CLOSED ENQUIRY CLOSED DATA MAINFRAME GIS 1960 s PRESENT DESKTOP /SOFTWARE GIS 1990 s QUALITATIVE 1980 s 1970 s QUANTITATIVE GEOGRAPHICAL DATA CAPTURE, STORE ANALYSIS

Critical perspectives on thinking geographically with GIS data • Historically the positivist epistemologies of GIS have been seen as ill-suited a wider range of geographical thinking beyond quantitative analysis • Contemporary geospatial technology (GST) includes a shift towards online GIS, geovisualisation, the geospatial semantic web, wiki maps, mash-ups, social media, mapping systems, spatialised tag clouds, self-organising maps and significantly more open with more opportunity to use qualitative and quantitative data

CRITICAL GIS AND CONSTRUCTING GEOGRAPHY THROUGH GIS Early 2000 s Mid 2000 s Late 2000 s Early 1990 s Late 1990 s DOMINANCE OF POSITIVISM, WORRIES OVER TECHNOCRACIES & ETHICAL ISSUES WIDER CRITIQUE EMERGENCE OF A NEOGEOGRAPHY & THE RISE OF QUALITATIVE GIS THIRD CULTURE OF EVOLUTION OF GIS 2 AND HYBRID UNDERPINNING OF THE SOCIAL EPISTEMOLOGIES IMPLICATIONS OF GIS MAPPING A WIDER RANGE OF THINKING GEOGRAPHICALLY GEOGRAPHIES THROUGH GIS Early-mid 2010 s OPEN DATA AND EASIER TO USE ONLINE MULTI-PLATFORM GIS GROWTH OF THE SPATIAL HUMANITIES FIELD & OPPORTUNITIES FOR DEEP MAPPING* History and philosophy How To Lie With of geography : real Maps wars, theory wars (Monmonier, 1996) (Smith, 1992) Cartographic identities : Knowledge production Is VGI participation? From vernal pools The spatial humanities : GIS and the geographical knowledges through to video games future of humanities scholarship under globalization. In Critical GIS : Genealogy (Tulloch, 2008) (Bodenhamer, Corrigan & Harris, Spaces of capital: towards & prospects 2010)* a critical geography (Sheppard, 2005) (Harvey, 2001) People manipulate objects but cultivate fields (Couclelis, 1992) Towards the Automated Introduction to Map Factory: Early Neogeography Automation in the US (Turner, 2006) Geological Survey (Mc. Haffie, 2002 Digital Places: Living with Geographic information Technologies (Curry, 1998) Planning and applied The end of geography ) GIS, cartography, and geography : positivism, or the explosion of the “third culture” Geographical ethics and geographic place? Imaginations in the information systems Conceptualising computer age. (Lake, 1993) space, place and (Sui, 2004) information A Beast in the Field : The Google Maps Mashup as GIS/2 (Miller, 2006) Cyborg Geographies : Towards hybrid epistemologies. Gender, place and culture. (Wilson, 2009) Data matters: Legitimacy, coding and qualifications of life (Wilson, 2012) Breaking the silence. Non-quantitative Neogeography and the palimpsests of GIS unearthed. place : web 2. 0 and the construction (Pavlovskaya, 2009) of a virtual earth (Graham, 2010) technology (Graham, 1998) The Hidden GIS Technocracy : Cartography and Geographic Information Systems (Obermeyer, Ground Truth: The social implications of geographic information systems (Pickles 1995) Mapping women’s worlds Places or Polygons? Web mapping 2. 0 : The neogeography Training the eye: formation of the : knowledge, power and Governmentality, scale of the geoweb geocoding subject the bounds of GIS and the census in the (Haklay, Singleton & Parker , 2008) (Wilson, 2011) (Mc. Clafferty, 2002) gay and lesbian atlas (Brown & Knopp, 2006)

‘Deep Mapping’ and new geospatial technologies Deep Maps • Tied to a specific location • Multi-media • Multi-layered • Structurally open • Spatial and temporal data • Quantitative and/or qualitative data • Intended to experiential • Include GI that is uncertain & realistically ambiguous Geospatial technologies • Location-based • Multi-media via the geospatial semantic web • Can be open • Spatial and temporal data • Quantitative and/or qualitative data • Can be experiential (in Neogeography)

Teaching Geography with GI data – an eye on where have we come Where have we come from? Challenges Opportunities Teacher GIS expertise Appropriate data sets Time-consuming Adapted from ESRI (2010) Can narrow focus of geographical thinking to a rather narrow form of the spatial

Tand an eye on how geography teachers can use a range of GI WEBGIS is… data • GIS tools via a web browser • On a wide range of digital platforms – laptop, tablet, phone • Big data often open source • Multi scale • In a wide choice of geospatial apps • Incorporating quantitative and qualitative data www. esriuk. com/Industries/schools

And where we could go next in GTE with GI data? • Creating opportunities in teacher education to create geography curriculum-based training • Using geography knowledge based examples (like the Dover School for Boys exemplar • Working with quantitative and qualitative locational data together • Working with multi- layered data sets • Teaching how layers of data can and cannot interact • which use data at different scales • Teaching teachers to use their own field data sets for primary data collection