Data collection Data analysis in the research process

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Data collection

Data collection

Data analysis in the research process Values, world view Value claims Research question Epistemology

Data analysis in the research process Values, world view Value claims Research question Epistemology Research review Knowledge claims Concepts Epistemological lens Results Method Research design Investigative lens Discussion Interpretations explanations Theories External validity Findings Constructs, variables Records Observed events and objects Data collection Data analysis Internal validity 2

Data collection Modality • Interviews • Focus groups • Observations • Meetings • Training

Data collection Modality • Interviews • Focus groups • Observations • Meetings • Training Tools • Tape recording – Transcribing • Interview reports – Interview guide • Diary • Field notes • Taking pictutures – Documenting – Remembering – Illustrating

Interview design • Planning • Recruit according to what you want to find out

Interview design • Planning • Recruit according to what you want to find out – Stakeholders – Snowballing • Interview guide – You get answers as you ask them – Open and closed questions – Probing

Conducting interviews Structured interviews • Ensuring comparability Semi-structured interviews • In-depth interviews • Buddy

Conducting interviews Structured interviews • Ensuring comparability Semi-structured interviews • In-depth interviews • Buddy – interviews • Focus group discussions The venue is important Informal interviews • Explorative • Ad hoc

Documenting interviews Tape recording and filming Taking notes during interview • Allows word for

Documenting interviews Tape recording and filming Taking notes during interview • Allows word for word transcription • Allows to concentrate on what is said • May be considered intrusive • May draw attention away from the interview • • Less accurate May disturb the flow Less intrusive Team: one interviewer and one note taker Transcribing tapes and notes • Is word for word necessary? • From notes: transcribe as soon as possible • Describe context of the interview

Sharing and validation • Can fieldnotes be shared? – Context is needed – Sharing

Sharing and validation • Can fieldnotes be shared? – Context is needed – Sharing in a team • Fieldnotes versus empirical descriptions – Context, structure and interpretation • Validation of data produced by participant observation? – Rich descriptions – Be clear about the context(s) of data production – Be clear about your role and be present in the text

Registrers

Registrers

Activity plan

Activity plan

ANM diary

ANM diary

Mother & Child registrers

Mother & Child registrers

Engaged discussion

Engaged discussion

Training

Training

The saw their own data

The saw their own data

Letter on terms and conditions for the distributed SIM’s Note that in this letter

Letter on terms and conditions for the distributed SIM’s Note that in this letter ANM is provided with 150 rupees per month in contrary to what is communicated to the ANMs today(100 rupees).

Participant observation • Balancing distance and closeness – Participating and observing – Paying attention

Participant observation • Balancing distance and closeness – Participating and observing – Paying attention to what is taken for granted – The time aspect • Interaction data – How people interact gives information about social structures and values – Enable us to study what cannot be articulated by the informants • What people say vs. what they do – A gap between what people say and do often points to something important

The role of the researcher • Producing data together with the informants – Mutual

The role of the researcher • Producing data together with the informants – Mutual influence • The researcher’s status and personality influence – gender, civil status, class, conduct – Dressing • Which role to take? – Ethics • Learning from your mistakes • Use informants to discuss interpretations • Participant observation in one’s own culture – How much is shared? – Active distancing – try to see things with fresh eyes

Writing fieldnotes • • • Scratch notes Field notes Notes taken ”in action” Taking

Writing fieldnotes • • • Scratch notes Field notes Notes taken ”in action” Taking a break to take notes Pen and paper Recorder/mobile Cool quickly! • Notes ”after action” • Write ”everything” – you never know what may turn out important • Remember the context • Remember yourself • Include reflections and interpretations, but keep them separate from the observations

References • Ellen, R. F. 1984: Ch. 8: Producing Data” in Ellen, R. F.

References • Ellen, R. F. 1984: Ch. 8: Producing Data” in Ellen, R. F. Ethnographic Research. Academia Press • Hume, L. and Mulcock, J. 2004: Anthropologists in the field. Cases in Participant Observation. Columbia University Press • Narayan, K. 1993: ”How Native is a Native Anthropologist? ” in American Anthropologist: Journal of the American Anthropological Association, nr. 5 1993 • Sanjek, R. 1990: ”A vocabulary for Fieldnotes” in Sanjek, R. (ed): Fieldnotes. The Makings of Anthropology. Cornell University Press • Spradley, J. P. 1980: Participant observation. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich College Publishers

Explorative interview tools Photo interviews Modelling, drawing

Explorative interview tools Photo interviews Modelling, drawing