DASAR NUTRISI TERNAK DAN BAHAN MAKANAN TERNAK TUBUH

DASAR NUTRISI TERNAK DAN BAHAN MAKANAN TERNAK TUBUH HEWAN DAN MAKANANNYA Hartutik Fapet UB Malang, 2009

Komposisi Tubuh Ternak Variasi Tergantung Pada : 1. Umur Ternak 2. Kondisi Ternak 3. Spesies 4. Pakan yang diberikan

Persentase Komposisi Tubuh Hewan*) Air Protein Lemak Abu Spesies BK bebas lemak Protein Abu Anak sapi, baru lahir 74 19 3 4, 1 82, 2 17, 8 Anaksapi. gemuk 68 18 10 4, 0 81, 6 18, 4 Sapi jantan. kurus 64 19 12 5, 1 79, 1 20, 9 Sapi jantan. gemuk 43 13 41 3, 3 79, 5 20, 5 Domba. kurus 74 16 5 4, 4 78, 2 21, 8 Domba. gemuk 40 11 46 2, 8 79, 3 20, 7 Babi. 8 kg 73 17 6 3, 4 83, 3 16, 7 Babi. 30 kg 60 13 24 2, 5 84, 3 15, 7 Babi. 100 kg 49 12 36 2, 6 82, 4 17, 6 Ayam 56 21 19 3, 2 86, 8 13, 2 Kelinci 69 18 8 4, 8 79, 1 20, 9 Kuda 61 17 17 4, 5 79, 2 20, 8 Manusia 59 18 18 4, 3 80, 7 19, 3 *) Dikurangi isi alat pencernaan.

Komposisi Tubuh Ternak Komposisi Tubuh 1. Air 2. Protein Plasma darah 90 -92% Urat Daging 72 -78% Tulang 45% Email Gigi 5% Otot Bulu Jaringan Lain 3. Lemak Jaringan Adiposa Organ Dalam Lain 4. Karbohidrat Glukosa Glikogen Laktosa 5. Mineral Ca 1, 33% K 0, 19% P 0, 74% Cl 0, 11% Na 0, 16 % S 0, 15% Mg 0, 04%

Komposisi Pakan Ternak Kering Bahan Pakan 1. Rouhgage Basah Asal hewan 2. Konsentrat 3. Additive Asal nabati Nutrien Legume Non legume Biji 2 an Minyak Bv product Vitamin Mineral Antibiotik Non nutrien Hormon Enzim, dll

Faktor yg Mempengaruhi Kebutuhan Zat Makanan 1. Spesies 2. Umur 3. Jenis Kelamin 4. Tujuan Pemeliharaan 5. Berat Badan 6. Keadaan Fisiologi, dll

Kandungan Zat Makanan Pakan Ternak Protein Murni Protein 1. Air NPN Zat Makanan Be. Tn BO Karbohidrat SK Lemak Esensial 2. BK Sederhana Majemuk Vit Larut. Lemak Abu Non Esensial

Kandungan Zat Makanan Pakan Ternak Protein Murni AA esensial AA semi esensial AA non esensial • Amin • AA bebas • Urea NPN Be. Tn SK Sederhana Monosakarida Disakarida Polisakarida • Selulosa Vit Larut Air • Polisakarida • Hemiselulosa tak larut • Lignin Asam lemak Sterol Majemuk Vit Larut. Lemak Vit Larut Lemak • Lemak netral • Posfolipid (Lecithin)) • Lilin

ZAT MAKANAN

Zat Makanan Nutrients- any food product that functions in the support of life Six classes: – Water – Carbohydrates – Fats – Proteins – Minerals – Vitamins

Water • • Hydrogen + Oxygen H 2 O – Water = Moisture ↓ ↓ Drink Water in feed Functions: 1. Metabolic reactions 2. Transporting nutrients and wastes 3. Maintains temperature 4. Major component of cell walls 5. Body made up of 60 – 70 %

Carbohydrates • Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen • Primary function: – Source of energy • Located in plant and animal tissues – Simple carbohydrate- starches (grains) – Complex carbohydrate- cellulose (component of cell walls)

Carbohydrates Simple carbohydrates 1. Monosaccharides – Glucose – Fructose – Galactose 2. Disaccharides – Sucrose (Glucose + fructose) – Maltose (Glucose + Glucose) – Lactose (Glucose + Galactose)

Carbohydrates Complex carbohydrates 1. Cellulose • Ruminants require microbial fermentation to break down complex carbohydrates

Fats • Also considered lipids • Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen • Functions: – Energy • 2. 5 times more energy / unit

Fats • Sources: – Fats- solid at room temperature – Oils- liquid at room temperature – Saturated fats – Unsaturated fats • Monounsaturated • Polyunsaturated

Fats • Saturated fats – Solid animal fats – Body can make C-C-C • Unsaturated fats – Monounsaturated • One double bond C=C=C C-C=C-C – Polyunsaturated fats C=C=C • Two or more double bonds • Corn oil, Soybean oil

Fats • Dietary essential fatty acids – Linoleic • Digestion of Fat Soluble vitamins ~ A, D, E, K – More of an issue in confinement fed animals • Added to the diet for 1) Reduce dust 2) Improve texture 3) Improve palatability

Proteins • Contains hydrogen, carbon, oxygen, nitrogen • Chains of Amino Acids – Essential amino acids • Must be provide through the diet • Ruminants add in microbial growth – Non-essential amino acids • Required but the body can synthesize them

Essential & Nonessential Amino Acids • Essential AA’s – – – – – Histidine Arginine Lysine Isoleucine Methionine Leucine Threonine Valine Phenylalanine Tryptophan • Nonessential AA’s – – – Alanine Asparganine Aspertic acid Cysteine Cystine Glutamic acid Glutamine Glycine Hydroxyproline Proline Serine Tyrosine

Esensial • • • H istidin A rginin L isin L eusin I soleusin M etionin • V alin • P henilalanin • T riptoohan Semi Esensial • S istin • H idroksilisin • T irosin Non Esensial • • • A lanin A sam Glutamat A sam Aspartat A sparagin G lisin G lutamin S erin P rolin H idroksi Prolin

Protein • Functions: – Building blocks – Muscle, bone, connective tissue, milk production and cellular repair – Blood – Enzymes

Minerals • Macro minerals – Required in large amounts • Micro minerals – Required in trace amounts – Trace minerals

Micro and Macro Minerals • Macrominerals – Calcium – Chorine – Magnesium – Phosphorus – Potassium – Sodium – Sulfur • Microminerals – Chromium – Cobalt – Copper – Fluorine – Iodine – Iron – Manganese – Molybdenum – Selenium – Zinc

Vitamins • Organic (contain carbon) • Needed in small amounts • Functions: – 16 vitamins – Interact and need with minerals

Vitamins • Sources – Fat soluble • Synthesized by ruminants • A, D, E, and K – Water soluble • Not synthesized by monogastrics, except horses, which takes place in cecum • B vitamins and C

KLASIFIKASI PAKAN

KLASIFIKASI BMT Didasarkan atas : 1. A S A L Tanaman : - Hijauan segar - Hijauan kering - Hijauan awetan (silase, hay) - Jerami - Umbi-umbian - Butir-butiran/biji-bijian (padi, legum) - Kulit butir-butiran/biji-bijian - Limbah pertanian, industri minyak tanah dan industri lain Hewan : - ikan - ternak / hewan lain Makanan tambahan Stimulator (growth + production)

Classification of Feeds 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Hijauan Kering dan Jerami Hijauan Segar Silase Sumber Energy Sumber Protein Sumber Mineral Sumber Vitamin Non-nutritive additives

Dry forages and roughages • • • 18% crude fiber, low TDN High in cellulose, hemi-cellulose and lignin Protein variable Harvest date critical Examples

Dry forages and roughages • Examples: – Legumes • Alfalfa • 17% CP – Grass • Native grass • 12 -13% CP – Other • Stalks – Corn cob husks – Soybean hulls 11% CP – Cottonseed hulls

Pasture, range plants, and green forages • Types: – Native • 5, 000 species – Cool / warm season • Cool – Brome • Warm – Native – Small grains • Wheat • Rye – Legumes • Alfalfa, Clovers • Problem due to Bloat

Pasture, range plants, and green forages • Bloat: – Legumes cause excessive production of foams in the rumen – Foam inhibits the ability to eructate (Belch) – Gases form causing bloat – Animals cant breath – Anti-frothing agents – Bloat guard in blocks/mineral

Silages • Variety of feed stuffs – Grasses – Legumes~ alfalfa, clovers – Grains~ corn, sorghum – Small Grains – ~ oats, rye

Silages • Storage results in fermentation – Anaerobic bacteria – Bacteria produce lactic acid • Lowers p. H to 4. 0 or lower • High levels of heat 80 -100 o. F – Optimum moisture content • 25 -35% Dry Matter 75 – 65% Moisture • To dry will burn up

• Storage facilities – Bags, silos, bunkers

Energy feeds • <18 crude fiber (or <35% cell wall) <20% CP • High in starch – grains • Examples: – – Corn, 9%CP Barley, high starch feed, <11% CP Oats 12% Wheat, 14% CP

Energy feeds • Storage ~ very important • Future – Grains that are high in needed trait – High levels of Lysine – Low Levels of Phosphorus

Protein supplements • Most critical, most expensive • Function: – Building blocks • Examples: – Animal – Plant

Protein supplements Examples: – Animal origin: highest-readily available offer A. A. • • Meat Blood Fish Feather - 80 -90% – Plant origin • Soybean meal- 44% • By-products – Distillers grain - 25 – Corn gluten - 25 -30% – Soybean Hulls - – Non-protein nitrogen: not readily available a. a. • Urea 281% CP

Mineral supplement Concentrated or blended – carriers 1. Mixed with diet – Cost effective 2. Fed free choice – May over consume – Different vitamins and minerals in containers – Animals choose? ? ? – Salt

Urinary Calculi • Water Belly – Improper Balance of Ca and Phosphorus – Normal ratio 2: 1 Ca : Phosphorus – Urinary Calculi when ratio 1: 1 or less – Over abundance of Phosphorus • Treatment – Sodium Chloride Na. Cl

Remember • Gains – High in Phosphorus Low in Calcium • Forages – High in Calcium Low in Phosphorus

Urinary Calculi

Vitamin supplementation 1. Fat soluble • Vitamins A, D, E, K 2. Water soluble • • Synthesized by ruminants Vitamin B

Non-nutritive additives • Added to fill a specific need • Definition – a substance will stimulate growth or improve feed efficiency • Drugs – Antibiotics – Sulfa compounds – Cocidiostates – Wormers Fed continually see increase in performance

Non-nutritive additives • Banned in 1995 in Europe • US – Mc. Donalds ~ 2003 – Only those that are used to promote growth – Antibiotics to treat sickness cleared • Three types – Concentrate ~ mainly for feed companies – Premix – mixed with carrier ~ corn or SBM – Complete Feed ~ Precondition pellets

Non-nutritive additives • What’s What – Antibiotics end in “cin” • Teramyocin • Aeromyocin – Produced from bacteria • Monensin – ie Rumensin ~ Shifts bacterial population in rumen to more bacteria to breakdown starches – Toxic to horses