Darwins Theory of Evolution Darwin Presents his Case
- Slides: 39
Darwin’s Theory of Evolution Darwin Presents his Case Image from: Biology by Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall Publishing© 2006
After Darwin returned to England in 1836 he filled notebooks with his ideas species diversity and the process about _______ evolution that he would later call _______. He did not rush to publish his ideas disagreed with the because they ____ beliefs of his fundamental scientific ______ day. He asked his wife to publish his ideas when he died ___. http: //www. elsie. brandeis. edu/images/journals. gif
In 1858 another naturalist, Alfred Russel Wallace wrote an _________, Malaysia that essay describing his work in _______ summarized the same ideas Darwin _____ had been thinking about for 25 years! http: //www. thesecondevolution. com/wallace&darwin. jpg
Suddenly Darwin had incentive to publish the results of his work! In 1859 On the Origin of Species __________ evidence presented _______ and proposed a mechanism ____ for evolution that he called NATURAL SELECTION _________ http: //www. loc. gov/exhibits/world/images/s 125. jpg
WHAT IS DARWIN’S THEORY? GENETIC VARIATION is found _________ naturally in all populations http: //www 3. nationalgeographic. com/animals/images/primary/zebra-herd. jpg
WHAT IS DARWIN’S THEORY? ___________ STRUGGLE FOR EXISTANCE means that members of each species must COMPETE ____ for food, space, and other RESOURCES _____. http: //www. wasatchcomputers. net/gallery/elk_fight. jpg
WHAT IS DARWIN’S THEORY? Some organisms in a ____ population less likely to survive. are ____ http: //www. cartoonstock. com/newscartoons/cartoonists/rrs/lowres/rrsn 69 l. jpg
WHAT IS DARWIN’S THEORY? SURVIVAL OF THE FITTEST ___________ organisms which are better adapted survive and to the environment will ______ reproduce passing on their _____. genes ____, http: //www. poster. net/bedard/bed 202. jpg
VOCAB http: //www. cartoonstock. com/newscartoons/cartoonists/cga/lowres/cgan 170 l. jpg Ability of an individual to survive ______ and reproduce in its specific ______ environment = fitness ______
VOCAB inherited characteristic that Any __________ of survival increases an organism’s chance _______ ADAPTATION = _______ http: //www. wildlife-traps. com/skunks. html http: //www. atomtigerzoo. com/photos/images/20060421233733_duckfeet. jpg http: //www. 3 kitty. org/travelrama/Photos/123 -21 -4 x 6. jpg
WHAT IS DARWIN’S THEORY? Over time, natural selection CHANGES in the results in ____ inherited characteristics of a POPULATION _____. increase a These changes ______ species’ fitness _____ in its environment. How Does Evolution Really Work?
WHAT IS DARWIN’S THEORY? DESCENT WITH MODIFICATION ______________ suggests that each species has DESCENDED with ____, CHANGES ______, from other species over time. This idea suggests that all living TO EACH OTHER species are RELATED __________, and that all species, living and extinct, COMMON ANCESTOR share a _________.
EVIDENCE OF EVOLUTION: Artificial selection 1. ________ 2. ________ Fossil record Geographic Distribution 3. ________ Homologous structures 4. ________ 5. ________ Embryology DNA 6. ________ See Natural selection happen 7. ________
ARTIFICIAL SELECTION WORKS In artificial selection, ______ NATURE provides the _____ through variation _____ and _________ mutation sexual reproduction and _______ those traits that humans select they find ______. useful EX: We have selected for and bred cows to produce more milk, turkeys with more breast meat, etc. http: //www. pp 3 moo. com/hm 2 cow. jpg http: //lazerbrody. typepad. com/photos/uncategorized/turkey. gif
Breeds of Dogs Chihuahua – bred from Techichi of Mexico by Mayans, had religious significance Saint Bernard – bred by monks around 1050 A. D. to rescue travelers of mountain passes in the Swiss Alps between Italy and Switzerland Irish Wolfhound – bred in Ireland to hunt wolves and elk Dachshund – bred in Germany as early as the 15 th century to hunt badgers SLIDE FROM: BIOLOGY by Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall Publishing© 2006
______________ ARTIFICIAL SELECTION WORKS BIOLOGY by Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall Publishing© 2006
How Do We Know Evolution Happens? 2. The Fossil Record – Fossils remains ______ are the ____________ of ancient organisms found in layers of rock in the Earth.
How Do We Know Evolution Happens? The layers of rock tell the history of the Earth fossils _____, while the _____ found within life the rock tell a history of ___. The fossils are thought same age to be the ____ as the rock they are found in.
Movement of Earth’s Crust Section 16 -2 Earthquakes and volcanoes cause uplifting of the layers of the Earth, taking the fossils along Sea level Fish die in the ocean and are covered in sediment. Over time and under increasing pressure, the remains becomes fossilized Go to Section: Sedimentary rocks form in horizontal layers. When part of Earth’s crust is compressed, a bend in a rock forms, tilting the rock layers. As the surface erodes due to water, wind, waves, or glaciers, the older rock surface is exposed. Fossils of marine fish found on the mountainsides of southwest Wyoming, which at one time was covered by an inland sea
TIK-TAALIK http: //evolution. berkeley. edu/evolibrary/images/news/tiktaalik_reconstruction. jpg Intermediate between fish and early tetrapods Tiktaalik video Fins have basic wrist bones and simple fingers Earliest fish with a neck
Fossil record shows change over time SD dinosaur fossils http: //media-2. web. britannica. com/eb-media/98/398 -004 -411 B 88 E 5. gif
http: //www. newtonswindow. com/problem-solving. htm REMEMBER THE GALAPAGOS TORTOISES Intermediate vegetation Intermediate necks Little vegetation Long necks Image from: BIOLOGY by Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall Publisher© 2006 Lots of vegetation Short necks Tortoises adapted to different habitats as they spread from the mainland to the different n. = DIVERGENT EVOLUTION = ADAPTIVE RADIATION
http: //images. encarta. msn. com/xrefmedia/aencmed/targets/illus/ilt/T 014608 A. gif GALAPAGOS FINCHES The _____ beaks of Galapagos finches have foods. adapted ______ to eating a variety _____ of _____
http: //www. flmnh. ufl. edu/fish/gallery/descript/Tiger. Shark/scars. JPG http: //news. bbc. co. uk/2/shared/spl/hi/guides/456900/456973/html/nn 1 page 1. stm Whales and sharks have a _____ similar body design different organisms even though they are very _______ (one is a fish; the other, a mammal) because they have _________ independently adapted to living in a _____ similar environment. = CONVERGENT EVOLUTION
Whales are closely related to wolves, but don’t look or act much like them = divergent evolution Conclusion: The pressure of the environment drives evolution Whales are distantly related to sharks, but look and act more like them = convergent evolution
Figure 15– 14 Geographic Distribution of Living Species Section 16 -3 Beaver and capybara are _______ closely-related species _______ living in very ____ different environments, while beaver and musk-rat are ________ distantly-related _______ living in a species similar ______ environment. Differences between beaver and capybara show _____ divergent evolution, while similarities between beaver and muskrat show Go to convergent _____ evolution. Section: Beaver NORTH AMERICA Muskrat Beaver and Muskrat Coypu Capybara SOUTH AMERICA Coypu and Capybara Differences between _______ closely-related muskrat and coypu divergent show _____ evolution, while similarities between distantly-related _______ capybara and coypu show convergent ______ evolution.
Structures 4. HOMOLOGOUS ___________ Image from: http: //www. angelfire. com/ab 7/evolution 12/evolutionclues. html
4. Homologous Body Structures – Structures, like the limbs of vertebrates, look very _______, different but are made from the same bones _____, because they are made from the same clump of undifferentiated _______ cells embryo in the _______. Image from: http: //www. angelfire. com/ab 7/evolution 12/evolutionclues. html
Figure 16– 15 Homologous Body Structures Section 16 -3 Turtle Alligator Ancient lobe-finned fish Go to Section: Bird Mammal
4. Homologous Body Structures – homologous body structures Some ____________ vestigial are _______ and have no useful function even though they are still hipbones present, like ____in whales and tail boa constrictors, or a ____ and cecum (appendix) ________in humans. http: //www. txtwriter. com/backgrounders/Evolution/EVpage 12. html
Most mammals have a pouch between their small and large intestine that contains bacteria cecum to digest plants called a _____. In humans the cecum is shrunken and unused. appendix It is our _____ http: //www. medicalgeo. com/images/appendix. gif
Why grow a tail and then lose it? HUMAN EMBRYO _________ has a tail at 4 weeks tail http: //www. suite 101. com/files/topics/6234/files/tail_Human. Tail. gif _________ Tail disappears at _________ about 8 weeks
Skinks are a type of lizard. In some species, legs have become so small they no longer _______ function ______ in walking. Why would an organism possess organs with ___ little or no function ________? One explanation: code is present to make the organ, but The gene ____ function has been lost through _______. change over time _________ If the organ is not vital to survival, then natural selection would not cause its elimination. http: //www. medicalgeo. com/images/appendix. gif
5. ___________ Similarities in Embryology Embryos ____ of many animals with backbones are very similar. Image from: http: //calspace. ucsd. edu/virtualmuseum/litu/03_3. shtml
It is clear that the same groups of undifferentiated _______ cells develop in the same order to produce the same tissues and organs of all vertebrates, evolved suggesting that they all _______ from a common ancestor ________. Image from: http: //io. uwinnipeg. ca/~simmons/16 cm 05/1116/16 anim 3. htm
Similarities in DNA 6. ________ Similarities DNA and in ____ PROTEIN ____ sequences suggest relatedness Image from: BIOLOGY AP EDITION by Campbell and Reece; Prentice Hall Publishing© 2005
light colored The ______ form was the predominant form in England _______________. prior to the Industrial Revolution Around the middle of the 19 th century the ______ darker form began to appear. It was first reported in 1848. By 1895 98% of the moths in Manchester were the dark ____ variety. In recent years, the burning of cleaner fuels and Clean Air regulations has reduced the pollution there and the lighter ______ colored moths have increased in numbers. http: //www. hipusa. com/e. Tools/webmd/A-Z_Encyclopedia/tuberculosis. jpg
7. ______________ Can see Natural selection happen EX: Changes in disease-causing microbes that produce new organisms and new _____. diseases Bird flu _______ HIV ___ http: //www. hhmi. org/askascientist/images/hiv. gif Antibiotic-resistant tuberculosis _____________ http: //www. hipusa. com/e. Tools/webmd/A-Z_Encyclopedia/tuberculosis. jpg
PBS EVOLUTION VIDEO CLIPS Who Was Charles Darwin? Isn't Evolution just a theory? How does Evolution really work? How do we know evolution happens? Why does evolution matter now?
- 16 3 darwin presents his case answer key
- Section 15-3 darwin presents his case
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