Darwins Theory of Evolution Darwin Presents his Case

Darwin’s Theory of Evolution Darwin Presents his Case Chapter 16 -3 Image from: Biology by Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall Publishing© 2006

http: //groups. wfu. edu/Model. UN/images/Cover/Oranges. jpg http: //www. fx. clemson. edu/~ablank/126436919. Broccoli. jpg http: //www. butterball. com/en/images/plan_n_prep/preparing/carving 1. jpg THINK ABOUT IT What do oranges, broccoli and Butterball turkeys have to do with EVOLUTION? (Answers to come in this slide show!)

After Darwin returned to England in 1836 he filled notebooks with his ideas species diversity and the process about _______ evolution that he would later call _______. He did not rush to publish his ideas disagreed with the because they ____ beliefs of his fundamental scientific ______ day. He asked his wife to publish his ideas when he died ___. http: //www. elsie. brandeis. edu/images/journals. gif

In 1858 another naturalist, Alfred Russel Wallace wrote an _________, Malaysia that essay describing his work in _______ summarized the same ideas Darwin _____ had been thinking about for 25 years! http: //www. thesecondevolution. com/wallace&darwin. jpg

Suddenly Darwin had incentive to publish the results of his work! In 1859 On the Origin of Species __________ evidence presented _______ and proposed a mechanism ____ for evolution that he called NATURAL SELECTION _________ http: //www. loc. gov/exhibits/world/images/s 125. jpg

Isn’t evolution just a theory? well-supported testable A theory is a ______, _______, explanation of phenomena that have occurred in the natural world, like the gravitational attraction theory of _________, cell theory atomic theory ____, and _______. http: //www. avgoe. de/Star. Child/DOCS/STARCH 00/questions/apple_falling. gif http: //sixthsense. osfc. ac. uk/chemistry/atomic_structure 2/atom. gif

WHAT IS DARWIN’S THEORY? GENETIC VARIATION is found _________ naturally in all populations http: //www 3. nationalgeographic. com/animals/images/primary/zebra-herd. jpg

WHAT IS DARWIN’S THEORY? ___________ STRUGGLE FOR EXISTANCE means that members of each species must COMPETE ____ for food, space, and other RESOURCES _____. http: //www. wasatchcomputers. net/gallery/elk_fight. jpg

WHAT IS DARWIN’S THEORY? Some organisms in a ____ population less likely to survive. are ____ http: //www. cartoonstock. com/newscartoons/cartoonists/rrs/lowres/rrsn 69 l. jpg

WHAT IS DARWIN’S THEORY? SURVIVAL OF THE FITTEST ___________ organisms which are better adapted survive and to the environment will ______ reproduce passing on their _____. genes ____, http: //www. poster. net/bedard/bed 202. jpg

VOCAB http: //www. cartoonstock. com/newscartoons/cartoonists/cga/lowres/cgan 170 l. jpg Ability of an individual to survive ______ and reproduce in its specific ______ environment = fitness ______

VOCAB inherited characteristic that Any __________ of survival increases an organism’s chance _______ ADAPTATION = _______ http: //www. wildlife-traps. com/skunks. html http: //www. atomtigerzoo. com/photos/images/20060421233733_duckfeet. jpg http: //www. 3 kitty. org/travelrama/Photos/123 -21 -4 x 6. jpg

WHAT IS DARWIN’S THEORY? Over time, natural selection CHANGES in the results in ____ inherited characteristics of a POPULATION _____. increase a These changes ______ species’ fitness _____ in its environment. How Does Evolution Really Work?

WHAT IS DARWIN’S THEORY? DESCENT WITH MODIFICATION ______________ suggests that each species has DESCENDED with ____, CHANGES ______, from other species over time. This idea suggests that all living TO EACH OTHER species are RELATED __________, and that all species, living and extinct, COMMON ANCESTOR share a _________.

EVIDENCE OF EVOLUTION: Artificial selection 1. ________ 2. ________ Fossil record Geographic Distribution 3. ________ Homologous structures 4. ________ 5. ________ Embryology DNA 6. ________ See Natural selection happen 7. ________

ARTIFICIAL SELECTION WORKS In artificial selection, ______ NATURE provides the _____ through variation _____ and _________ mutation sexual reproduction and _______ those traits that humans select they find ______. useful EX: We have selected for and bred cows to produce more milk, turkeys with more breast meat, etc. http: //www. pp 3 moo. com/hm 2 cow. jpg http: //lazerbrody. typepad. com/photos/uncategorized/turkey. gif

Breeds of Dogs Chihuahua – bred from Techichi of Mexico by Mayans, had religious significance Saint Bernard – bred by monks around 1050 A. D. to rescue travelers of mountain passes in the Swiss Alps between Italy and Switzerland Irish Wolfhound – bred in Ireland to hunt wolves and elk Dachshund – bred in Germany as early as the 15 th century to hunt badgers SLIDE FROM: BIOLOGY by Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall Publishing© 2006

______________ ARTIFICIAL SELECTION WORKS BIOLOGY by Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall Publishing© 2006

http: //groups. wfu. edu/Model. UN/images/Cover/Oranges. jpg http: //www. fx. clemson. edu/~ablank/126436919. Broccoli. jpg http: //www. butterball. com/en/images/plan_n_prep/preparing/carving 1. jpg THINK ABOUT IT Now you know what broccoli and Butterball turkeys have to do with evolution! (Answers about oranges to come in this slide show!)

How Do We Know Evolution Happens? 2. The Fossil Record – Fossils remains ______ are the ____________ of ancient organisms found in layers of rock in the Earth.

How Do We Know Evolution Happens? The layers of rock tell the history of the Earth fossils _____, while the _____ found within life the rock tell a history of ___. The fossils are thought same age to be the ____ as the rock they are found in.

Movement of Earth’s Crust Section 16 -2 Earthquakes and volcanoes cause uplifting of the layers of the Earth, taking the fossils along Sea level Fish die in the ocean and are covered in sediment. Over time and under increasing pressure, the remains becomes fossilized Go to Section: Sedimentary rocks form in horizontal layers. When part of Earth’s crust is compressed, a bend in a rock forms, tilting the rock layers. As the surface erodes due to water, wind, waves, or glaciers, the older rock surface is exposed. Fossils of marine fish found on the mountainsides of southwest Wyoming, which at one time was covered by an inland sea

TRANSITIONAL FOSSILS HAVE BEEN FOUND Scientific American; Dec 2005; Vol 293; p 100 -107

TIK-TAALIK http: //evolution. berkeley. edu/evolibrary/images/news/tiktaalik_reconstruction. jpg Intermediate between fish and early tetrapods Tiktaalik video Fins have basic wrist bones and simple fingers Earliest fish with a neck

Fossil record shows change over time SD dinosaur fossils http: //media-2. web. britannica. com/eb-media/98/398 -004 -411 B 88 E 5. gif

If Darwin’s theory is correct you would expect to find closely ______ related yet ________ different species living in a _____ geographic region as they spread into nearby habitats and evolve. That’s EXACTLY what we do see!

http: //www. newtonswindow. com/problem-solving. htm REMEMBER THE GALAPAGOS TORTOISES Intermediate vegetation Intermediate necks Little vegetation Long necks Image from: BIOLOGY by Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall Publisher© 2006 Lots of vegetation Short necks Tortoises adapted to different habitats as they spread from the mainland to the different n. = DIVERGENT EVOLUTION = ADAPTIVE RADIATION

http: //images. encarta. msn. com/xrefmedia/aencmed/targets/illus/ilt/T 014608 A. gif GALAPAGOS FINCHES The _____ beaks of Galapagos finches have foods. adapted ______ to eating a variety _____ of _____

If Darwin’s theory is correct you would species also expect to find different ________ living in far ____ apart geographic regions but similar habitats becoming more ____ alike similar ecosystems as they adapt to _______. That’s EXACTLY what we do see!

http: //www. flmnh. ufl. edu/fish/gallery/descript/Tiger. Shark/scars. JPG http: //news. bbc. co. uk/2/shared/spl/hi/guides/456900/456973/html/nn 1 page 1. stm Whales and sharks have a _____ similar body design different organisms even though they are very _______ (one is a fish; the other, a mammal) because they have _________ independently adapted to living in a _____ similar environment. = CONVERGENT EVOLUTION

Whales are closely related to wolves, but don’t look or act much like them = divergent evolution Conclusion: The pressure of the environment drives evolution Whales are distantly related to sharks, but look and act more like them = convergent evolution

Figure 15– 14 Geographic Distribution of Living Species Section 16 -3 Beaver and capybara are _______ closely-related species _______ living in very ____ different environments, while beaver and musk-rat are ________ distantly-related _______ living in a species similar ______ environment. Differences between beaver and capybara show _____ divergent evolution, while similarities between beaver and muskrat show Go to convergent _____ evolution. Section: Beaver NORTH AMERICA Muskrat Beaver and Muskrat Coypu Capybara SOUTH AMERICA Coypu and Capybara Differences between _______ closely-related muskrat and coypu divergent show _____ evolution, while similarities between distantly-related _______ capybara and coypu show convergent ______ evolution.

Structures 4. HOMOLOGOUS ___________ Image from: http: //www. angelfire. com/ab 7/evolution 12/evolutionclues. html

4. Homologous Body Structures – Structures, like the limbs of vertebrates, look very _______, different but are made from the same bones _____, because they are made from the same clump of undifferentiated _______ cells embryo in the _______. Image from: http: //www. angelfire. com/ab 7/evolution 12/evolutionclues. html

Figure 16– 15 Homologous Body Structures Section 16 -3 Turtle Alligator Ancient lobe-finned fish Go to Section: Bird Mammal

4. Homologous Body Structures – homologous body structures Some ____________ vestigial are _______ and have no useful function even though they are still hipbones present, like ____in whales and tail boa constrictors, or a ____ and cecum (appendix) ________in humans. http: //www. txtwriter. com/backgrounders/Evolution/EVpage 12. html

Most mammals have a pouch between their small and large intestine that contains bacteria cecum to digest plants called a _____. In humans the cecum is shrunken and unused. appendix It is our _____ http: //www. medicalgeo. com/images/appendix. gif

Why grow a tail and then lose it? HUMAN EMBRYO _________ has a tail at 4 weeks tail http: //www. suite 101. com/files/topics/6234/files/tail_Human. Tail. gif _________ Tail disappears at _________ about 8 weeks

Skinks are a type of lizard. In some species, legs have become so small they no longer _______ function ______ in walking. Why would an organism possess organs with ___ little or no function ________? One explanation: code is present to make the organ, but The gene ____ function has been lost through _______. change over time _________ If the organ is not vital to survival, then natural selection would not cause its elimination. http: //www. medicalgeo. com/images/appendix. gif

5. ___________ Similarities in Embryology Embryos ____ of many animals with backbones are very similar. Image from: http: //calspace. ucsd. edu/virtualmuseum/litu/03_3. shtml

It is clear that the same groups of undifferentiated _______ cells develop in the same order to produce the same tissues and organs of all vertebrates, evolved suggesting that they all _______ from a common ancestor ________. Image from: http: //io. uwinnipeg. ca/~simmons/16 cm 05/1116/16 anim 3. htm

Similarities in DNA 6. ________ Similarities DNA and in ____ PROTEIN ____ sequences suggest relatedness Image from: BIOLOGY AP EDITION by Campbell and Reece; Prentice Hall Publishing© 2005

Human- 46 chromosomes Chimpanzee- 48 chromosomes karyotypes suggest an Similar _____ evolutionary relationship __________. Human: http: //www. nationmaster. com/wikimir/images/upload. wikimedia. org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/18/300 px-Human_karyogram. png Chimpanzee: Middle School Life Science , published by Kendall/Hunt.

PATTERN MATCHES 1. BANDING ____________ If you take the two smaller chromosomes apes have that we don’t, and place them banding end to end, the ___________ pattern is identical to the we #2 human chromosome __ have that they don’t ________. http: //www. evolutionpages. com/chromosome_2. htm

IN MIDDLE 2. TELOMERES __________ Chromosomes have special sequences called telomeres _______ at their ends to protect the strands during replication. http: //joannenova. com. au/Speaking/Morslids. html

2. TELOMERES IN MIDDLE Telomere sequences are the ends and found at _____ ALSO IN THE MIDDLE ___________ of human chromosome #2 suggesting it was made by fusing _____ two other chromosomes together. → → → http: //www. evolutionpages. com/chromosome_2. htm

EXTRA CENTROMERE 3. _________ Chromosome #2 has a INACTIVE second _____ CENTROMERE region _______ → http: //www. evolutionpages. com/chromosome_2. htm

http: //groups. wfu. edu/Model. UN/images/Cover/Oranges. jpg http: //www. fx. clemson. edu/~ablank/126436919. Broccoli. jpg http: //www. butterball. com/en/images/plan_n_prep/preparing/carving 1. jpg THINK ABOUT IT What do oranges, broccoli and Butterball turkeys have to do with EVOLUTION? (Answers to come in this slide show!)

Did you ever wonder why dogs and fresh fruit cats don’t need to eat ____, but YOU DO _______? http: //www. naturescornermagazine. com/Natures. Blog/images/dog%20 care%20 in%20 summer. jpg http: //www. alpo. com/where. aspx

Fish, amphibians, reptiles, and most mammals can make their own VITAMIN C _____, but humans need to eat fresh fruit or they end up with SCURVY ____. http: //www. med. uc. edu/departme/cellbiol/Image 7. gif http: //www. rachelleb. com/images/2005_02_22/scurvy. jpg

Human DNA contains the gene that codes for the enzyme to make NONFUNCTIONAL vitamin C, but it is ________. Guess what other group of organisms lack the ability to make their own Vitamin C? PRIMATES… which includes chimpanzees, orangutans, gorillas, and other apes. http: //groups. wfu. edu/Model. UN/images/Cover/Oranges. jpg

Humans have many other nonfunctional vestigial genes called ________. PSEUDOGENES EX: Humans have more than 99 different odor receptor genes, but more nonfunctional than 70% of them are ______. http: //www. animationplayhouse. com/new/dogs 2. html http: //unraveling. typepad. com/photos/uncategorized/nose_1. jpg

Why does evolution matter now? Can see Natural selection happen 7. ______________ EX: Peppered Moths There is a natural variation in populations of peppered moths. Typica Carbonaria Typica form - lighter ________ Carbonaria form - darker __________ http: //www. hipusa. com/e. Tools/webmd/A-Z_Encyclopedia/tuberculosis. jpg http: //www. hhmi. org/askascientist/images/hiv. gif

light colored The ______ form was the predominant form in England _______________. prior to the Industrial Revolution Around the middle of the 19 th century the ______ darker form began to appear. It was first reported in 1848. By 1895 98% of the moths in Manchester were the dark ____ variety. In recent years, the burning of cleaner fuels and Clean Air regulations has reduced the pollution there and the lighter ______ colored moths have increased in numbers. http: //www. hipusa. com/e. Tools/webmd/A-Z_Encyclopedia/tuberculosis. jpg

7. ______________ Can see Natural selection happen EX: Changes in disease-causing microbes that produce new organisms and new _____. diseases Bird flu _______ HIV ___ http: //www. hhmi. org/askascientist/images/hiv. gif Antibiotic-resistant tuberculosis _____________ http: //www. hipusa. com/e. Tools/webmd/A-Z_Encyclopedia/tuberculosis. jpg

Should the Use of Antibiotics Be Restricted? Read the Issues in Biology article on p. 403 in your text. Then watch the video Why Does Evolution Matter Now? and discuss the question: Should the use of antibiotics be restricted?

PBS EVOLUTION VIDEO CLIPS Who Was Charles Darwin? Isn't Evolution just a theory? How does Evolution really work? How do we know evolution happens? Why does evolution matter now?

SOUTH DAKOTA SCIENCE STANDARDS NATURE OF SCIENCE Indicator 1: Understand the nature and origin of scientific knowledge. 9 -12. N. 1. 1. Students are able to evaluate a scientific discovery to determine and describe how societal, cultural, and personal beliefs influence scientific investigations and interpretations. (EVALUTION) • Recognize scientific knowledge is not merely a set of static facts, but is dynamic and affords the best current explanations. • Discuss how progress in science can be affected by social issues.

SOUTH DAKOTA SCIENCE STANDARDS NATURE OF SCIENCE Indicator 1: Understand the nature and origin of scientific knowledge. 9 -12. N. 1. 2. Students are able to describe the role of observation and evidence in the development and modification of hypotheses, theories, and laws. (SYNTHESIS) • Recognize and analyze alternative explanations and models. • Evaluate the scientific accuracy of information relevant to a specific issue

SOUTH DAKOTA SCIENCE STANDARDS NATURE OF SCIENCE Indicator 1: Understand the nature and origin of scientific knowledge. 9 -12. N. 1. 2. Students are able to describe the role of observation and evidence in the development and modification of hypotheses, theories, and laws. (SYNTHESIS) • Recognize and analyze alternative explanations and models. • Evaluate the scientific accuracy of information relevant to a specific issue

Core High School Nature of Science Performance Descriptors given a scientific discovery, evaluate how different High school students performing societal, cultural, and personal beliefs influenced the investigation and its interpretation at the ADVANCED level: given a scientific discovery narrative, determine and High school students performing describe how societal, cultural, and personal beliefs at the PROFICIENT influenced the investigation and its interpretation; level: given a scientific discovery narrative, identify the High school cultural and personal beliefs that influenced the students performing investigation. at the BASIC level:

SOUTH DAKOTA SCIENCE STANDARDS LIFE SCIENCE Indicator 2: Analyze various patterns and products of natural and induced biological change. 9 -12. L. 2. 2. Students are able to describe how genetic recombination, mutations, and natural selection lead to adaptations, evolution, extinction, or the emergence of new species. (SYNTHESIS) Examples: behavioral adaptations, environmental pressures, allele variations, bio-diversity • Use comparative anatomy to support evolutionary relationships. • Recognize and analyze alternative explanations and models. • Evaluate the scientific accuracy of information relevant to a specific issue

Core High School LIFE Science Performance Descriptors High school students performing at the ADVANCED level: High school students performing at the PROFICIENT level: • predict the impact of genetic changes in populations (mutation, natural selection and artificial selection, adaptation/extinction); • predict how life systems respond to changes in the environment; • identify DNA as the structure that carries the genetic High school code; students performing • identify that genetic traits can be transmitted from at the BASIC level: parents to offspring;