Darwins Theory of Evolution Darwin Presents his Case

Darwin’s Theory of Evolution Darwin Presents his Case Chapter 15 -3 Image from: Biology by Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall Publishing© 2006

http: //groups. wfu. edu/Model. UN/images/Cover/Oranges. jpg http: //www. fx. clemson. edu/~ablank/126436919. Broccoli. jpg http: //www. butterball. com/en/images/plan_n_prep/preparing/carving 1. jpg THINK ABOUT IT What do oranges, broccoli and Butterball turkeys have to do with EVOLUTION? (Answers to come in this slide show!)

After Darwin returned to England in 1836 he filled notebooks with his ideas, but he did not publish his ideas because they ____ with the fundamental scientific beliefs of his day. He asked his wife to publish his ideas when he ______. http: //www. elsie. brandeis. edu/images/journals. gif

In 1858 another naturalist, _________, wrote an essay describing his work in _______ that summarized the same ideas _____ had been thinking about for 25 years! http: //www. thesecondevolution. com/wallace&darwin. jpg

Suddenly Darwin had incentive to publish the results of his work! In 1859 On the Origin of Species __________ presented _______ for Darwin’s ideas about how living things change called _________ http: //www. loc. gov/exhibits/world/images/s 125. jpg

http: //sixthsense. osfc. ac. uk/chemistry/atomic_structure 2/atom. gif Isn’t evolution just a theory? A _____is a well supported testable explanation of happenings in the _____ world Ex: gravitational theory atomic theory cell theory http: //www. avgoe. de/Star. Child/DOCS/STARCH 00/questions/apple_falling. gif

WHAT IS DARWIN’S THEORY? GENETIC______ is found naturally in all populations http: //www 3. nationalgeographic. com/animals/images/primary/zebra-herd. jpg

WHAT IS DARWIN’S THEORY? _____FOR EXISTANCE means that members of each species must ____ for food, space, and other _____. http: //www. wasatchcomputers. net/gallery/elk_fight. jpg

WHAT IS DARWIN’S THEORY? Some organisms in a ____ population are ____ to survive. http: //www. cartoonstock. com/newscartoons/cartoonists/rrs/lowres/rrsn 69 l. jpg

WHAT IS DARWIN’S THEORY? SURVIVAL OF THE______ organisms which are better adapted survive and to the environment will ______ reproduce passing on their _____. genes ____, http: //www. poster. net/bedard/bed 202. jpg

VOCAB http: //www. cartoonstock. com/newscartoons/cartoonists/cga/lowres/cgan 170 l. jpg Ability of an individual to survive ______ and reproduce in its specific ______ environment = ______

VOCAB inherited characteristic that Any __________ of survival increases an organism’s chance _______ = _______ http: //www. wildlife-traps. com/skunks. html http: //www. atomtigerzoo. com/photos/images/20060421233733_duckfeet. jpg http: //www. 3 kitty. org/travelrama/Photos/123 -21 -4 x 6. jpg

WHAT IS DARWIN’S THEORY? Over time, natural selection results in ____ in the inherited characteristics of a _____. These changes ______ a species’ _____ in its environment. How Does Evolution Really Work?

WHAT IS DARWIN’S THEORY? ______WITH MODIFICATION each species has descended with changes from other species over time. This idea suggests that all living species are related to each other. and that all species, living and extinct, COMMON ANCESTOR share a _________.

EVIDENCE OF EVOLUTION: 1. ______ selection 2. ________ 3. ______distribution 4. ______ structures 5. ________ 6. ________ 7. see natural selection happen

ARTIFICIAL SELECTION WORKS Nature provides the______ through _____ and _____ reproduction Humans select traits they find ______. EX: We have selected for and bred cows to produce more milk, turkeys with more breast meat, etc. http: //www. pp 3 moo. com/hm 2 cow. jpg http: //lazerbrody. typepad. com/photos/uncategorized/turkey. gif

Breeds of Dogs Chihuahua – bred from Techichi of Mexico by Mayans, had religious significance Saint Bernard – bred by monks around 1050 A. D. to rescue travelers of mountain passes in the Swiss Alps between Italy and Switzerland Irish Wolfhound – bred in Ireland to hunt wolves and elk Dachshund – bred in Germany as early as the 15 th century to hunt badgers SLIDE FROM: BIOLOGY by Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall Publishing© 2006

______________ ARTIFICIAL SELECTION WORKS BIOLOGY by Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall Publishing© 2006

http: //groups. wfu. edu/Model. UN/images/Cover/Oranges. jpg http: //www. fx. clemson. edu/~ablank/126436919. Broccoli. jpg http: //www. butterball. com/en/images/plan_n_prep/preparing/carving 1. jpg THINK ABOUT IT Now you know what broccoli and Butterball turkeys have to do with evolution! (Answers about oranges to come in this slide show!)

How Do We Know Evolution Happens? 2. The Fossil Record – remains ______ are the ____________ of ancient organisms found in layers of rock in the Earth.

How Do We Know Evolution Happens? The layers of rock tell the history of the Earth. The fossils in the rocks tell the history of ______ The fossils are the same age as the rock they are found in.

TRANSITIONAL FOSSILS HAVE BEEN FOUND Scientific American; Dec 2005; Vol 293; p 100 -107

If Darwin’s theory is correct you would expect to find: Closely related yet different species living in a geographic region as they spread into nearby habitats and evolve. That’s EXACTLY what we do see!

http: //www. newtonswindow. com/problem-solving. htm REMEMBER THE GALAPAGOS TORTOISES Intermediate vegetation Intermediate necks Little vegetation Long necks Image from: BIOLOGY by Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall Publisher© 2006 Lots of vegetation Short necks Tortoises adapted to different habitats as they spread from the mainland to the different islands. =______ evolution

http: //images. encarta. msn. com/xrefmedia/aencmed/targets/illus/ilt/T 014608 A. gif GALAPAGOS FINCHES The _____ of Galapagos finches have foods. adapted ______ to eating a variety _____ of _____

If Darwin’s theory is correct: you would also expect to find different species living in similar habitats becoming ______ as they adapt to where they live That’s EXACTLY what we do see!

http: //www. flmnh. ufl. edu/fish/gallery/descript/Tiger. Shark/scars. JPG http: //news. bbc. co. uk/2/shared/spl/hi/guides/456900/456973/html/nn 1 page 1. stm Whales and sharks have a similar body design even though they are very different organisms (one is a fish; the other, a mammal) because they have both adapted to living in a similar environment. = ______ evolution

Whales are closely related to wolves, but don’t look or act much like them = divergent evolution Whales are distantly related to sharks, but look and act more like them = convergent evolution

4. ______ structures Image from: http: //www. angelfire. com/ab 7/evolution 12/evolutionclues. html

4. Homologous Body Structures – Structures that look different but are made from the same bones because they are made from the same embryonic cells Image from: http: //www. angelfire. com/ab 7/evolution 12/evolutionclues. html

4. Homologous Body Structures – Some homologous structures are _______ and have no useful function even though they are still present Ex: ____in whales and boa constrictors http: //www. txtwriter. com/backgrounders/Evolution/EVpage 12. html

Most mammals have a pouch between their small and large intestine that contains bacteria to digest plants called a _____. In humans the cecum is shrunken and unused. It is our _____ http: //www. medicalgeo. com/images/appendix. gif

Why grow a tail and then lose it? EX: ____in HUMAN EMBRYOS disappears at around 8 weeks http: //www. suite 101. com/files/topics/6234/files/tail_Human. Tail. gif

EX: Vestigial organs Skinks are a type of lizard whose ______ have become so small they no longer function in walking. . Why would an organism possess organs that no longer work? http: //www. medicalgeo. com/images/appendix. gif

http: //www. medicalgeo. com/images/appendix. gif http: //www. txtwriter. com/backgrounders/Evolution/EVpage 12. html One explanation: The genes to make the organ are present but have been mutated so they no longer have the information to make the part function.

5. Similarities in ______ 6. Vertebrate embryos look very similar. Image from: http: //calspace. ucsd. edu/virtualmuseum/litu/03_3. shtml

Embryonic cells develop in the same order to produce the same tissues and organs of all vertebrates, suggesting that they all evolved from a common ________. Image from: http: //io. uwinnipeg. ca/~simmons/16 cm 05/1116/16 anim 3. htm

6. SIMILARITIES IN_______ Similarities in DNA and protein sequences suggest relatedness Image from: BIOLOGY AP EDITION by Campbell and Reece; Prentice Hall Publishing© 2005

Human- 46 chromosomes Chimpanzee- 48 chromosomes Similar _____ suggest relatedness Human: http: //www. nationmaster. com/wikimir/images/upload. wikimedia. org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/18/300 px-Human_karyogram. png Chimpanzee: Middle School Life Science , published by Kendall/Hunt.

1. ____PATTERN MATCHES If you take the two smaller chromosomes apes have that we don’t, and place them end to end: the banding pattern is ____ to the #2 human chromosome we have that they don’t http: //www. evolutionpages. com/chromosome_2. htm

2. _____ in the middle Chromosomes have special sequences called telomeres at their ends to protect the strands during replication. http: //joannenova. com. au/Speaking/Morslids. html

2. TELOMERES IN MIDDLE If two chromosomes were joined, you would expect to find telomere sequences in the middle. Human chromosome #2 has telomeres at the ends AND in the middle → → → http: //www. evolutionpages. com/chromosome_2. htm

3. EXTRA _______ If two chromosomes were joined, you would expect to find multiple centromeres. Human chromosome #2 has a second non-working centromere region → http: //www. evolutionpages. com/chromosome_2. htm

http: //groups. wfu. edu/Model. UN/images/Cover/Oranges. jpg http: //www. fx. clemson. edu/~ablank/126436919. Broccoli. jpg http: //www. butterball. com/en/images/plan_n_prep/preparing/carving 1. jpg THINK ABOUT IT What do oranges, broccoli and Butterball turkeys have to do with EVOLUTION? (Answers to come in this slide show!)

Did you ever wonder why dogs and cats don’t need to eat fresh fruit, but you do? http: //www. naturescornermagazine. com/Natures. Blog/images/dog%20 care%20 in%20 summer. jpg http: //www. alpo. com/where. aspx

Fish, amphibians, reptiles, and most mammals can make their own _____, but humans need to eat fresh fruit or they end up with ____. http: //www. med. uc. edu/departme/cellbiol/Image 7. gif http: //www. rachelleb. com/images/2005_02_22/scurvy. jpg

Human DNA contains the gene that codes for the enzyme to make ______, but it is non-working. Guess what other group of organisms lack the ability to make their own Vitamin C? _______ including chimpanzees, orangutans, gorillas, and other apes. http: //groups. wfu. edu/Model. UN/images/Cover/Oranges. jpg

Humans have many other nonfunctional vestigial genes called ________. EX: Humans have more than 99 different odor receptor genes, but more than 70% of them are ______. http: //www. animationplayhouse. com/new/dogs 2. html http: //unraveling. typepad. com/photos/uncategorized/nose_1. jpg

WHY DOES EVOLUTION MATTER NOW? Can see Natural selection happen 7. ______________ EX: Peppered Moths There is a natural variation in populations of peppered moths. Typica Carbonaria Typica form - lighter ________ Carbonaria form - darker __________ http: //www. hipusa. com/e. Tools/webmd/A-Z_Encyclopedia/tuberculosis. jpg http: //www. hhmi. org/askascientist/images/hiv. gif

light colored form was the predominant form The ______ in England _______________. prior to the Industrial Revolution Around the middle of the 19 th century the ______ darker form began to appear. It was first reported in 1848. By 1895 98% of the moths in Manchester were the dark ____ variety. In recent years, the burning of cleaner fuels and Clean Air regulations has reduced the pollution there and the lighter ______ colored moths have increased in numbers. http: //www. hipusa. com/e. Tools/webmd/A-Z_Encyclopedia/tuberculosis. jpg

7. ______________ Can see Natural selection happen EX: Changes in disease-causing microbes that produce new organisms and _______ http: //www. hhmi. org/askascientist/images/hiv. gif Antibiotic-resistant tuberculosis _____________ http: //www. hipusa. com/e. Tools/webmd/A-Z_Encyclopedia/tuberculosis. jpg