DARWIN Detecting Analysing Remote Worlds a vessel Interferometric
- Slides: 39
DARWIN Detecting & Analysing Remote Worlds a vessel Interferometric Nulling through MISU December 14, 2001 1
Darwin - the search for biospheres “Biosphere” = Planetary Atmosphere + Bioactivity MISU December 14, 2001 2
Darwin - the search for biospheres Do planets outside the solar system exist? MISU December 14, 2001 3
Hubble Space Telescope Darwin - the search for biospheres HH 30 supersonic plasma-jet HH 30 protoplanetary disk MISU December 14, 2001 4
Darwin - the search for biospheres 1995 a breakthrough MISU December 14, 2001 5
Darwin - the search for biospheres True mass & radius from. . . MISU December 14, 2001 6
Darwin - the search for biospheres …planetary transit observational proof! Exoplanets do exist! HD 209458 - Hubble Space Telescope MISU December 14, 2001 7
Darwin - the search for biospheres MISU December 14, 2001 8
Darwin - the search for biospheres Radial velocity survey: observation of >3000 G-M stars about 70 stars with exoplanets identified observational limit: about 1 m/s Similarities/differences wrt solar system (1) projected mass vs semimajor axis MISU December 14, 2001 9
Darwin - the search for biospheres Similarities/differences compared to solar system (2) eccentricities MISU December 14, 2001 10
Darwin - the search for biospheres Earth MISU December 14, 2001 11
Darwin - the search for biospheres Search for exosolar Earth-type planets Radial velocities: <10 cm/s Astrometry: <3 marcsec (10 -11 rad) Dynamic range: VIS MIR 109 107 MISU December 14, 2001 12
Darwin - the search for biospheres Search for exosolar Earth-type planets log Radial velocities: <10 cm/s Astrometry: <3 marcsec (10 -11 rad) Dynamic range: VIS MIR 109 10 7 MISU December 14, 2001 13
Darwin - the search for biospheres Needs large telescope for resolution and “mask” for contrast telescope > 30 m … in space! MISU December 14, 2001 14
Darwin - the search for biospheres The masking device: a Nulling Interferometer with rejection q < 10 -5 MISU December 14, 2001 15
Darwin - the search for biospheres i. e. an instrument that is capable (1) to image at high resolution x-tremely weak point sources (2) to take IR-spectra of these x-tremely weak point sources MISU December 14, 2001 16
Darwin - the search for biospheres (1) to image at high resolution x-tremely weak point sources Venus nulled Sun Earth DARWIN Simulation of Solar System at 10 pc distance Mars Date: January 1, 2001 Ecliptic inclined by 30° Mennesson & Mariotti (1997) MISU December 14, 2001 17
Darwin - the search for biospheres (2) to take IR-spectra of these x-tremely weak point sources MISU December 14, 2001 18
log Darwin - the search for biospheres MISU December 14, 2001 19
Darwin - the search for biospheres 5 to 20 mm region contains molecular bands CO 2 O 3 H 2 O 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 …bio-markers. . . MISU December 14, 2001 20
oxygen photosynthesis Darwin - the search for biospheres 2 H 2 O + CO + 8 hn CH O + O 2 + H 2 O 2 2 Life on Earth as a reference: O 2 C-based chemistry in H 2 O solution O 2 + O + M O 3 + M O 3 …. produces Oxygen 6 8 10 12 14 wavelength ( m) 16 MISU 18 December 14, 2001 21
Darwin - the search for biospheres But what about. . . MISU December 14, 2001 22
abiotic = photochemical O 2 production CO 2 CO UV escape UV H 2 O OH H O O O 2 MISU December 14, 2001 23
Darwin - the search for biospheres same processes that produce abiotic O 2 destroy O 3 (radicals from H 2 O photolysis) or screen the O 3 signature (CO 2 absorption) Claim: photochemistry cannot reproduce triple signature of oxygen photosynthesis O 3 - CO 2 - H 2 O MISU December 14, 2001 24
Darwin - the search for biospheres But what about time evolution. . . MISU December 14, 2001 25
Evolution of the Habitable Zone Kasting et al. 1993 50 mbar of CO 2 0, 3 mbar of CO 2 1 bar of CO 2 water escape 2 0 -2 CO 2 greenhouse effect not anymore efficient Solar luminosity time (Gyr) 4 -4 0, 5 1, 0 1, 5 2, 0 2, 5 MISU 3, 0 December 14, 2001 3, 5 AU 26
Evolution of the Sun CH 4 required for surface liquid water present CO 2 > present CO 2 < 1 % present O 2 > 15 % present O 2 MISU December 14, 2001 27
Evolution of the Planets t 4. 5 Gyr H 2 O CO 2 Venus CO CO 2 SO 2 NO NO 2 CH 4 ? H 2 O O 3 CO 2 Earth H 2 O ? CO 2 Mars MISU December 14, 2001 ? 28
Darwin - the search for biospheres . . . many questions to answer before during and after. . . MISU December 14, 2001 29
DARWIN 6 Telescopes (Free Flyers) 1 Hub (Beam Combiner) 1 Master satellite IRSI Infra. Red Space Interferometer MISU December 14, 2001 30
Darwin - the search for biospheres ESA-Mission • • Launch: Orbit (Sun-Earth): Minimum Lifetime: Monolitic reflectors: Ariane-5 L 2 5 yr 6 (1. 5 - 3 m) MISU December 14, 2001 31
Orbit of DARWIN toward the top view Sun 500. 000 km toward the side view Sun MISU December 14, 2001 32
Technical Requirements • DARWIN shall provide (better than) • • • 105 1 cm 20 nm 24 mas 10 -2 Nulling factor: Base line accuracy : Optical Path Difference : Telescope pointing : Amplitude accuracy : MISU December 14, 2001 33
Time Line 2013 ing P 2005 ic n h c e T n o it Ph in f e Dem t n e m op l e v e al D e s a : 2001 ht g i l f o 2007 2 hase RT A M S Build D MISU December 14, 2001 34
Darwin - the search for biospheres Conclusions DARWIN is an esa Cornerstone mission to detect & analyse Earth-like planets - space precursor(s): SMART 2 ( and 3? ) - esa/eso groundbased Nuller @ VLT Analysis needs atmosphere models MISU December 14, 2001 35
Darwin - the search for biospheres MISU December 14, 2001 36
Life on Mars? MISU December 14, 2001 37
Life on Earth? MISU December 14, 2001 38
Telescope: Free Flyers MISU December 14, 2001 39
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