DARWIN Detecting Analysing Remote Worlds a vessel Interferometric

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DARWIN Detecting & Analysing Remote Worlds a vessel Interferometric Nulling through MISU December 14,

DARWIN Detecting & Analysing Remote Worlds a vessel Interferometric Nulling through MISU December 14, 2001 1

Darwin - the search for biospheres “Biosphere” = Planetary Atmosphere + Bioactivity MISU December

Darwin - the search for biospheres “Biosphere” = Planetary Atmosphere + Bioactivity MISU December 14, 2001 2

Darwin - the search for biospheres Do planets outside the solar system exist? MISU

Darwin - the search for biospheres Do planets outside the solar system exist? MISU December 14, 2001 3

Hubble Space Telescope Darwin - the search for biospheres HH 30 supersonic plasma-jet HH

Hubble Space Telescope Darwin - the search for biospheres HH 30 supersonic plasma-jet HH 30 protoplanetary disk MISU December 14, 2001 4

Darwin - the search for biospheres 1995 a breakthrough MISU December 14, 2001 5

Darwin - the search for biospheres 1995 a breakthrough MISU December 14, 2001 5

Darwin - the search for biospheres True mass & radius from. . . MISU

Darwin - the search for biospheres True mass & radius from. . . MISU December 14, 2001 6

Darwin - the search for biospheres …planetary transit observational proof! Exoplanets do exist! HD

Darwin - the search for biospheres …planetary transit observational proof! Exoplanets do exist! HD 209458 - Hubble Space Telescope MISU December 14, 2001 7

Darwin - the search for biospheres MISU December 14, 2001 8

Darwin - the search for biospheres MISU December 14, 2001 8

Darwin - the search for biospheres Radial velocity survey: observation of >3000 G-M stars

Darwin - the search for biospheres Radial velocity survey: observation of >3000 G-M stars about 70 stars with exoplanets identified observational limit: about 1 m/s Similarities/differences wrt solar system (1) projected mass vs semimajor axis MISU December 14, 2001 9

Darwin - the search for biospheres Similarities/differences compared to solar system (2) eccentricities MISU

Darwin - the search for biospheres Similarities/differences compared to solar system (2) eccentricities MISU December 14, 2001 10

Darwin - the search for biospheres Earth MISU December 14, 2001 11

Darwin - the search for biospheres Earth MISU December 14, 2001 11

Darwin - the search for biospheres Search for exosolar Earth-type planets Radial velocities: <10

Darwin - the search for biospheres Search for exosolar Earth-type planets Radial velocities: <10 cm/s Astrometry: <3 marcsec (10 -11 rad) Dynamic range: VIS MIR 109 107 MISU December 14, 2001 12

Darwin - the search for biospheres Search for exosolar Earth-type planets log Radial velocities:

Darwin - the search for biospheres Search for exosolar Earth-type planets log Radial velocities: <10 cm/s Astrometry: <3 marcsec (10 -11 rad) Dynamic range: VIS MIR 109 10 7 MISU December 14, 2001 13

Darwin - the search for biospheres Needs large telescope for resolution and “mask” for

Darwin - the search for biospheres Needs large telescope for resolution and “mask” for contrast telescope > 30 m … in space! MISU December 14, 2001 14

Darwin - the search for biospheres The masking device: a Nulling Interferometer with rejection

Darwin - the search for biospheres The masking device: a Nulling Interferometer with rejection q < 10 -5 MISU December 14, 2001 15

Darwin - the search for biospheres i. e. an instrument that is capable (1)

Darwin - the search for biospheres i. e. an instrument that is capable (1) to image at high resolution x-tremely weak point sources (2) to take IR-spectra of these x-tremely weak point sources MISU December 14, 2001 16

Darwin - the search for biospheres (1) to image at high resolution x-tremely weak

Darwin - the search for biospheres (1) to image at high resolution x-tremely weak point sources Venus nulled Sun Earth DARWIN Simulation of Solar System at 10 pc distance Mars Date: January 1, 2001 Ecliptic inclined by 30° Mennesson & Mariotti (1997) MISU December 14, 2001 17

Darwin - the search for biospheres (2) to take IR-spectra of these x-tremely weak

Darwin - the search for biospheres (2) to take IR-spectra of these x-tremely weak point sources MISU December 14, 2001 18

log Darwin - the search for biospheres MISU December 14, 2001 19

log Darwin - the search for biospheres MISU December 14, 2001 19

Darwin - the search for biospheres 5 to 20 mm region contains molecular bands

Darwin - the search for biospheres 5 to 20 mm region contains molecular bands CO 2 O 3 H 2 O 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 …bio-markers. . . MISU December 14, 2001 20

oxygen photosynthesis Darwin - the search for biospheres 2 H 2 O + CO

oxygen photosynthesis Darwin - the search for biospheres 2 H 2 O + CO + 8 hn CH O + O 2 + H 2 O 2 2 Life on Earth as a reference: O 2 C-based chemistry in H 2 O solution O 2 + O + M O 3 + M O 3 …. produces Oxygen 6 8 10 12 14 wavelength ( m) 16 MISU 18 December 14, 2001 21

Darwin - the search for biospheres But what about. . . MISU December 14,

Darwin - the search for biospheres But what about. . . MISU December 14, 2001 22

abiotic = photochemical O 2 production CO 2 CO UV escape UV H 2

abiotic = photochemical O 2 production CO 2 CO UV escape UV H 2 O OH H O O O 2 MISU December 14, 2001 23

Darwin - the search for biospheres same processes that produce abiotic O 2 destroy

Darwin - the search for biospheres same processes that produce abiotic O 2 destroy O 3 (radicals from H 2 O photolysis) or screen the O 3 signature (CO 2 absorption) Claim: photochemistry cannot reproduce triple signature of oxygen photosynthesis O 3 - CO 2 - H 2 O MISU December 14, 2001 24

Darwin - the search for biospheres But what about time evolution. . . MISU

Darwin - the search for biospheres But what about time evolution. . . MISU December 14, 2001 25

Evolution of the Habitable Zone Kasting et al. 1993 50 mbar of CO 2

Evolution of the Habitable Zone Kasting et al. 1993 50 mbar of CO 2 0, 3 mbar of CO 2 1 bar of CO 2 water escape 2 0 -2 CO 2 greenhouse effect not anymore efficient Solar luminosity time (Gyr) 4 -4 0, 5 1, 0 1, 5 2, 0 2, 5 MISU 3, 0 December 14, 2001 3, 5 AU 26

Evolution of the Sun CH 4 required for surface liquid water present CO 2

Evolution of the Sun CH 4 required for surface liquid water present CO 2 > present CO 2 < 1 % present O 2 > 15 % present O 2 MISU December 14, 2001 27

Evolution of the Planets t 4. 5 Gyr H 2 O CO 2 Venus

Evolution of the Planets t 4. 5 Gyr H 2 O CO 2 Venus CO CO 2 SO 2 NO NO 2 CH 4 ? H 2 O O 3 CO 2 Earth H 2 O ? CO 2 Mars MISU December 14, 2001 ? 28

Darwin - the search for biospheres . . . many questions to answer before

Darwin - the search for biospheres . . . many questions to answer before during and after. . . MISU December 14, 2001 29

DARWIN 6 Telescopes (Free Flyers) 1 Hub (Beam Combiner) 1 Master satellite IRSI Infra.

DARWIN 6 Telescopes (Free Flyers) 1 Hub (Beam Combiner) 1 Master satellite IRSI Infra. Red Space Interferometer MISU December 14, 2001 30

Darwin - the search for biospheres ESA-Mission • • Launch: Orbit (Sun-Earth): Minimum Lifetime:

Darwin - the search for biospheres ESA-Mission • • Launch: Orbit (Sun-Earth): Minimum Lifetime: Monolitic reflectors: Ariane-5 L 2 5 yr 6 (1. 5 - 3 m) MISU December 14, 2001 31

Orbit of DARWIN toward the top view Sun 500. 000 km toward the side

Orbit of DARWIN toward the top view Sun 500. 000 km toward the side view Sun MISU December 14, 2001 32

Technical Requirements • DARWIN shall provide (better than) • • • 105 1 cm

Technical Requirements • DARWIN shall provide (better than) • • • 105 1 cm 20 nm 24 mas 10 -2 Nulling factor: Base line accuracy : Optical Path Difference : Telescope pointing : Amplitude accuracy : MISU December 14, 2001 33

Time Line 2013 ing P 2005 ic n h c e T n o

Time Line 2013 ing P 2005 ic n h c e T n o it Ph in f e Dem t n e m op l e v e al D e s a : 2001 ht g i l f o 2007 2 hase RT A M S Build D MISU December 14, 2001 34

Darwin - the search for biospheres Conclusions DARWIN is an esa Cornerstone mission to

Darwin - the search for biospheres Conclusions DARWIN is an esa Cornerstone mission to detect & analyse Earth-like planets - space precursor(s): SMART 2 ( and 3? ) - esa/eso groundbased Nuller @ VLT Analysis needs atmosphere models MISU December 14, 2001 35

Darwin - the search for biospheres MISU December 14, 2001 36

Darwin - the search for biospheres MISU December 14, 2001 36

Life on Mars? MISU December 14, 2001 37

Life on Mars? MISU December 14, 2001 37

Life on Earth? MISU December 14, 2001 38

Life on Earth? MISU December 14, 2001 38

Telescope: Free Flyers MISU December 14, 2001 39

Telescope: Free Flyers MISU December 14, 2001 39