Dark Puzzles of the Universe Saturday Morning Physics

Dark Puzzles of the Universe Saturday Morning Physics (2007) Prof. Bhaskar Dutta and Prof. Teruki Kamon Department of Physics Texas A&M University March 24, 2007 Dark Puzzles of the Universe 1

Question 2021/2/26 March 24, 2007 Dark Puzzles of the Universe 2

Thinking of Our Universe My Universe 2021/2/26 March 24, 2007 Dark Puzzles of the Universe 3

Message from the Universe How do we measure the content of the Universe? We look at the oldest light which set out on its journey long before the Earth or even our galaxy existed. This light forms the background of the Universe: Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) Measurement of this light tells us the story of the Universe. March 24, 2007 Dark Puzzles of the Universe 4

The Most Distant Light CMB was emitted when the Universe was only 380, 000 years old. 2021/2/26 March 24, 2007 Dark Puzzles of the Universe 5

The Universe Pie Today, we discuss DM. 2021/2/26 March 24, 2007 Dark Puzzles of the Universe 6

Content of the Universe 4% The 23% is still unobserved in the laboratory. . (This new matter can not be seen visually!) We call this Dark Matter. . 2021/2/26 March 24, 2007 Dark Puzzles of the Universe 7

Existence of Dark Matter Examples of observations: We know the dark matter exist. Collision of the galaxies Rotation curves of the galaxies 2021/2/26 March 24, 2007 Dark Puzzles of the Universe 8

Cosmic Collision of 2 Galaxy Clusters splitting normal matter and dark matter apart time – Another Clear Evidence of Dark Matter – (8/21/06) Ordinary Matter (NASA’s Chandra X Observatory) 1 2 3 4 Dark Matter (Gravitational Lensing) 2021/2/26 March 24, 2007 Approximately the same size as the Milky Way Dark Puzzles of the Universe 9

Rotation Curves of the Galaxies Old observation March 24, 2007 2021/2/26 Dark Puzzles of the Universe 10

What is Dark Matter? Neutral and long-lived object Can it be one of the known particles? March 24, 2007 2021/2/26 Dark Puzzles of the Universe 11

Building Blocks of Matter What are the elementary particles? March 24, 2007 Dark Puzzles of the Universe 12

Zoo: 12 Particle Animals The elementary particles are fundamental building blocks of matter. s k r f o s 6 a u Q e p y s n T f o s o t p e L e p y T All masses in Me. V. ANIMAL MASSES SCALE WITH PARTICLE MASSES 6 March 24, 2007 Dark Puzzles of the Universe 13

Fantastic Four g g W G Gluons (g) for strong force Quarks experience them. Protons & neutrons form. Photons (g) for electromagnetic force Quarks, leptons (other than neutrinos) experience this force. W’s for weak forces Quarks, leptons experience this force. NOTE : Graviton (G) ( not found) carries gravitational force. March 24, 2007 Dark Puzzles of the Universe 14

The Standard Model is a model which describes all these particles and 3 of 4 forces: We have confirmed the existence of SM in the laboratory experiments. So, can it explain our Universe? March 24, 2007 Dark Puzzles of the Universe 15

Dark Matter Particle? x x x x Quarks, electron, muon, tau particles, and force carriers can not be the dark matter, since their interactions are stronger than what we expect. Neutrinos can, but they have other problems. We need a new model, called Supersymmetric Standard Model or SUSY. This model has a new charge-less (neutral) particle: Neutral-ino 1) What is the new model? 2) Can the neutralino be observed and consistent with the dark matter content of the Universe? March 24, 2007 Dark Puzzles of the Universe 16

Dream of Unification Physicists always dream about unification of all the forces. The grand unification of the forces occur in the SUSY model. March 24, 2007 Dark Puzzles of the Universe 17

Mirror Reflection Boselab Fermilab March 24, 2007 Dark Puzzles of the Universe 18

Supersymmetric Reflection g e e !!! ! s le c i t ar p w March 24, 2007 Dark Puzzles of the Universe Re as ed m na But, one of them is neutralino. This is a leading candidate for dark matter particle. “c hi on e ze ro ” e n f o s t Lo 19

When Were the Dark Matter Particles Created? Now ~ 0. 0000001 seconds 2021/2/26 March 24, 2007 Dark Puzzles of the Universe 20

Thinking of Dark Matter Detection My Universe 2021/2/26 March 24, 2007 Dark Puzzles of the Universe 21

How Can We See Them in the Lab? One type of experiment: in deep underground µ detector Dark Matter particle March 24, 2007 Dark Puzzles of the Universe 22

Collider One promising way: In collisions March 24, 2007 Dark Puzzles of the Universe 23

Particle Collider One promising way: In particle collisions ➩ Tevatron and Large Hadron Collider March 24, 2007 Dark Puzzles of the Universe 24

Physics Magic: Ping-pong balls Steel Balls E = mc 2 Proton and ant-proton collision can produce the Standard Model particles like heavy top quarks (~180 times heavier than a proton!) March 24, 2007 Dark Puzzles of the Universe 25

Tevatron at Fermilab Proton (p) CDF March 24, 2007 _ p) ( n o t o r Antip DØ Dark Puzzles of the Universe 26

Pattern Recognition [Tevatron] proton and anti-proton collide and produce the Standard Model particles as well as New Particles. In 1995, the CDF(*) and D 0 collaborations co-discovered the top quark in ~4 trillion (4, 000, 000) collisions. [Q] We have 100 trillion collisons today. Can the Tevatron produce the neutralinos? [A] May not [the neutralinos can be heavier. ] (*) The TAMU group is one of charter members of the CDF collaboration. 2021/2/26 March 24, 2007 Dark Puzzles of the Universe 27

Large Hadron Collider (LHC) he t n a l th n o r t a Tev fu r e w s po e m i t 7 The LHC at CERN, scheduled for the first proton-proton collisions in 2007 in Switzerland, will have the smashing power of 14 Tera electron Volts (14, 000, 000 e. V) - far larger than any other machine ever built. Two experimental groups, called ATLAS and CMS(*), will record the first collisions by the end of 2007. (*) The TAMU group is a member of the CMS collaboration. 2021/2/26 March 24, 2007 Dark Puzzles of the Universe 28

Collisions as We Imagine … 2021/2/26 March 24, 2007 Dark Puzzles of the Universe 29

More Pattern Recognition How do we produce the neutralinos at the LHC? We have to extract this reaction out of many trillion pp collisions. neutralinos (dark matter particles) 2021/2/26 March 24, 2007 Dark Puzzles of the Universe 30

How do you know that the neutralinos (we will observe) at the collider are responsible for the dark matter content? We measure the masses (m) of the particles at the LHC. We calculate the dark matter content (W) in the new model of the Universe. W = x(m) x y / z + g x h (m) - p (m) / q + r (m) x 45 / 100 + 60 x ur (m) x ty + d x s (m) + j (m) x p (m) = 0. 23 March 24, 2007 Dark Puzzles of the Universe 31

Conclusion So far in the laboratories we have seen the particles responsible for 4% of the universe. The upcoming experiments will try to probe the nature of 23 % of the universe: dark matter. 73% of the Challenge: universe is still a major puzzle. Not yet understood theoretically! 2021/2/26 March 24, 2007 Dark Puzzles of the Universe 32

Conclusion So far in the laboratories we have seen the particles responsible for 4% of the universe. The upcoming experiments will try to probe the nature of 23 % of the universe: dark matter. 73% of the Challenge: universe is still a major SOLVE THE PUZZLE OF puzzle. TO THE UNIVERSE. Not yet understood theoretically! March 24, 2007 2021/2/26 Dark Puzzles of the Universe 33

Any Question? March 24, 2007 2021/2/26 Dark Puzzles of the Universe 34