Dark Energy and Dark Flow Explained by InterUniverse

Dark Energy and Dark Flow Explained by Inter-Universe Coupling Gravity Updated December 27, 2013 Sing H. Lin , Ph. D. , 林星雄·博士 E-Mail: singhlin@gmail. com Dark Energy & Flow 1

Dark Energy and Dark Flow Outlines • • Expanding Universe Dark Energy Dark Flow Dark Energy and Dark Flow as explained by Gravity: that is Inter-Universe Coupling Gravity Dark Energy & Flow 2

Part 1 – Dark Energy & Flow 3

Discovery of Red-Shift of Spectral Lines in Astronomical Observations • In about 1929, Edwin Hubble and several other scientists discovered that the spectral lines in the light received from distance galaxies are all shifted toward red light end of the spectrum • Edwin Hubble further discovered that the amount of red-shift is proportional to the distance of galaxy from us Dark Energy & Flow 4

Red-shift of spectral lines in the optical spectrum of a super-cluster of distant galaxies (right), as compared with that of the Sun (left) Dark Energy & Matter 5

Expanding Universe • A red-shift can occur when the light source is moving away from an observer, similar to the Doppler shift that changes the perceived frequency of sound waves. • The observed red-shift implies that: – Galaxies are running away from us, – The receding speed of a galaxy is proportional to its distance from us, and – Universe is not static, but is expanding Dark Energy & Matter 6

Expected Effect of Gravity on Expanding Universe • All matters have gravity pulling on each other • Such gravity pull is expected to slow down the expansion of universe • In 1998, two independent teams* of scientists did two independent astronomical measurements to try to measure the rate of slowing down of expanding universe (i. e. to measure the ultimate fate of our universe) * Two teams: the Supernova Cosmology Project at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory and Dark Energy & Matter the High-z Supernova Search Team 7

Surprise! • However, these two teams of scientists and the whole world were all surprised in 1998 to find that the expansion of universe is NOT slowing down, but is accelerating. • These two independent teams of scientists were scared and thought that they might have some errors in their measurements. • But their careful checks found no errors in their two independent sets of measurements • All scientists and astronomers have been in a state of collective bewilderment since this surprising discovery in 1998. Dark Energy & Matter 8

What to do with such a big surprise? - Dark Energy • The key question is what is causing such acceleration of expansion of universe? • For the time being, scientists have to postulate a “Dark Energy” that is a hypothetical form of energy that permeates all of space and tends to increase the rate of expansion of the universe. Dark Energy & Matter 9

Part 2 – Dark Flow Dark Energy & Matter 10

Expansion of Universe • For many years, astronomers assume that: – Space is expanding in a uniform way—at the same rate in every cosmic locale – Big Bang growth marches at the same pace everywhere – Such assumption is quite natural and reasonable if there is only one universe Dark Energy & Flow 11

New Surprise and New Challenge on Historical Concept of Expanding Universe • By analyzing data collected by the Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) satellite, Alexander Sasha Kashlinsky of NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center discovered surprising Dark Flow in 2008 • Dark Flow represents the movement of hundreds of galaxy clusters at about two million miles per hour in the direction of a patch of sky between the constellations Centaurus and Vela. • Dark flow extends out as far as 2. 5 billion light years away. With such a large scale, it slashes through a significant chunk of the observable universe. Dark Energy & Matter 12

Surprising Dark Flow • Why the expansion of universe is NOT uniform everywhere? • What causes such observed huge Dark Flow in the universe? Dark Energy & Flow 13

Part 3 – Parallel Universes and Inter-Universe Coupling Gravity Dark Energy & Matter 14

Concept of Parallel Universes with Inter-Universe Coupling Gravity Parallel Universe C Parallel Universe B Our Universe A Parallel Universe D Parallel Universe E Dark Energy & Flow 15

Dark Energy is Inter-Universe Coupling Gravity • Our Universe A is surrounded by many other parallel universes B, C, D, E, etc. • I believe that the Inter-Universe Coupling Gravity from other parallel universes is causing the accelerated expansion of our Universe A • Therefore, I propose that Dark Energy is Inter-Universe Coupling Gravity Dark Energy & Matter 16

Non-Symmetric Pulling from Inter-Universe Coupling Gravity - 1 • There is no reason that the distribution of other parallel universes must be perfectly symmetrical with respect to the center of our Universe A • Such non-symmetrical distribution of other parallel universes relative to the center of our universe A means that the Inter-Universe coupling gravity from other parallel universes is not symmetrical with respect to the center of our Universe A Dark Energy & Matter 17

Non-Symmetric Pulling from Inter-Universe Coupling Gravity - 2 • Therefore, the accelerated expansion of our Universe A is not symmetrical, not uniform, and not homogeneous. • Therefore, I propose that the observed Dark Flow is caused by such non-symmetric pulling from Inter-Universe Coupling Gravity Dark Energy & Matter 18

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