Dandruff is caused by excessive shedding of cells

Dandruff is caused by excessive shedding of cells from the outer layer of skin in the scalp. Thus dandruff is composed of cells from which epidermal layer? 1. 2. 3. 4. Stratum germinativum Stratum spinosum Stratum corneum Stratum granulosum

A splinter that penetrates from the skin’s surface to the third layer of the epidermis of the palm is lodged in which layer? 1. 2. 3. 4. Stratum lucidum Stratum germinativum Stratum spinosum Stratum granulosum

Why does swimming in fresh water for an extended period cause epidermal swelling? 1. Fresh water is hypotonic to skin cells and moves in by osmosis. 2. Fresh water is hypertonic to skin cells and moves in by osmosis. 3. Stratum germinativum divides rapidly in fresh water. 4. Stratum corneum builds up in fresh water.

Water from interstitial fluids is lost to the surrounding air by what process? 1. 2. 3. 4. Insensible perspiration Inconsequential perspiration Interstitial perspiration Immersion perspiration

Some criminals sand the tips of their fingers so as not to leave recognizable fingerprints. Would this practice permanently remove fingerprints? Why or why not? 1. Yes, because the dermal papillae die if exposed. 2. No, because the original ridge patterns regenerate. 3. Yes, because the stratum germinativum thickens hiding ridge patterns. 4. No, but completely different ridge patterns will appear with re-growth.

Mr. Wilson is exhibiting yellowed skin. Which of the following conditions does he have and what is its cause? 1. 2. 3. 4. Vitiligo/loss of melanocytes or thyroid disease Addison’s disease/excess secretion of ACTH Pituitary tumor/excess secretion of MSH Jaundice/liver disease

What is the usual length of time it takes for a cell to move from the stratum germinativum to the stratum corneum? 1. 2. 3. 4. 2 to 5 years 3 to 4 months 15 to 30 days 4 to 6 weeks

How and where is melanin produced? 1. 2. 3. 4. Melanocytes manufacture it from tyrosine in the stratum germinativum Melanosomes manufacture it from adenine in the stratum granulosum The stratum germinativum manufactures it from Merkel cells and keratinocytes All of these are true in darkly pigmented individuals

Why does the skin of a fair-skinned person appear red during exercise in hot weather? 1. Sunlight stimulates erythrocyte production in skin. 2. Blood is diverted to the superficial dermis to eliminate heat. 3. Sunlight bleaches fair skin, allowing blood to be seen. 4. Heat stimulates cutaneous blood vessels, causing leaks.

Which of the following is NOT a role of epidermal growth factor? 1. Promotes division of germinative cells in stratum germinativum 2. Accelerates production of keratin 3. Converts a cholesterol-related steroid to cholecalciferol (vitamin D 3) 4. Stimulating synthetic activity and secretion by epithelial glands

In some cultures, women must be covered completely, except for their eyes, when they go outside. Explain why these women exhibit a high incidence of problems with their bones. 1. UV light prevents calcium deposition in bones. 2. Melanin production is necessary for bone growth. 3. Cloth prevents oxygen from diffusing into skin and bones. 4. UV light is necessary to produce the hormone cholecalciferol (vitamin D 3).

Where are the capillaries and sensory neurons that supply the epidermis located? 1. 2. 3. 4. Reticular layer of the dermis Epidermis Papillary layer of the dermis Hypodermic layer

What accounts for the ability of the dermis to undergo repeated stretching? 1. 2. 3. 4. Elastic fibers and skin turgor resilience Reticular fibers and fluids Adipocytes and elastic fibers Sebaceous gland secretions

What is the clinical significance of a cut in the skin made parallel to lines of cleavage? 1. The cut will likely scar due to severed collagen and elastic fibers 2. The cut will heal with little scarring because collagen and elastic fibers are located in parallel bundles along lines of cleavage 3. The papillary and reticular layer of the dermis would become separated from each other 4. Melanin and carotene will dissipate from the epidermis leaving a scar

Two terms for the connective tissue below the dermis are ____, it is made of _____ and its functions include _____? 1. Subcutaneous layer and hypodermic layer/elastic tissue and collagen/stretching and recoil 2. Hypodermis and subcutaneous layer/areolar and adipose tissue/stabilizing position of the skin 3. Hypodermis and deep fascia/adipose and dense irregular tissue/heat production 4. 2 and 3

Which two events are possible results of the contraction of the arrector pili muscle? 1. Goose bumps/release of sebum 2. Sweating/contraction of underlying muscles 3. Goose bumps/localized increase in blood flow 4. Localized pallor/release of sebum

What is the term used to describe a burn that destroys both the epidermis and dermis? Could this burned tissue repair itself? 1. 2. 3. 4. Second-degree burn/yes First-degree burn/yes Partial-thickness burn/no Full-thickness burn/no

Which of the following is NOT a function of merocrine (eccrine) sweat glands? 1. Activate at puberty, secrete sticky, cloudy, potentially odorous secretion 2. Cooling of skin’s surface 3. Protects skin through action of dermicidin 4. Diluting harmful chemicals in contact with the skin

What are the functions of sebaceous secretions? 1. Inhibits the growth of bacteria 2. Lubricates and conditions the surrounding skin 3. Lubricates and protects the keratin of the hair shaft 4. All of the above

Deodorants are used to mask the effects of secretions from which type of skin gland? 1. 2. 3. 4. Ceruminous glands Apocrine sweat glands Merocrine sweat glands Mammary glands

Which type of skin glands are most affected by the hormonal changes that occur during puberty? 1. 2. 3. 4. Ceruminous glands and anal glands Sebaceous glands and apocrine sweat glands Apocrine sweat glands and mammary glands Merocrine sweat glands and sebaceous glands

What conditions of the nail would you expect to see in someone with AIDS; in someone with psoriasis? 1. Cyanosis (blue tinge)/yellowing 2. The hyponychium would be absent/the eponychium would be absent 3. Yellowing/pitting and distortion 4. The nail root would be destroyed in both cases

What do you call the combination of fibrin clots, fibroblasts, and the extensive network of capillaries in healing tissue? 1. 2. 3. 4. Granulation tissue Scar Scab Callus

Why can skin regenerate effectively, even after considerable damage? 1. Stratum germinativum persists deep within the body. 2. Stem cells persist in all components of the skin. 3. Hypodermis will transform into epidermis and dermis. 4. Surrounding skin spreads and fills in damaged area.

In which systems other than the integument, does vitamin D 3 play a critical role? 1. Endocrine, cardiovascular, and urinary systems 2. Skeletal, endocrine, digestive, and muscular systems 3. Digestive, urinary, lymphatic and muscular systems 4. None of these is correct

Which of these statements would be consistent with facts about the skin of an elderly person? 1. 2. 3. 4. Increase in merocrine sweat glands Increase in blood supply to the dermis Decreased melanocyte production Vitamin D 3 production is the same as in a younger person