DAIKIN How to Evaluate Refrigerants Global Warming Impact

DAIKIN How to Evaluate Refrigerants? 　>Global Warming Impact 　>Energy efficiency & Peak Load 　>Flammability & Toxicity 　>Affordability - “Quick Gain” February 18 th, 2011 Daikin US

How to Evaluate Refrigerants? – Global Warming Impact - 2 LCCP comparison (3. 5 k. W Room A/C) based on cooling and heating Total Emissions = (1) Indirect emissions (2) Direct emissions (3) Emissions during refrigerant production 3. 5 k. W Room A/C in Europe – Eu. P Average Condition (EU Average = 0. 43 Kg/k. Wh) (Kg = Charge volume) R 22 (1. 14 kg) (1) 12000 HFO 1234 yf (1. 32 kg) (*2) (2) 1800 (1) 13000 R 32 (0. 84 kg) (*1) (2) 4 (1) 12000 R 290 (0. 37 kg) (*3) (2) 480 (1) 14000 R 744 (0. 84 Kg) (*4) (3) 390 (3) 23 Disregarding IEC, the charge volume is 0. 58 Kg, and Indirect impact could be reduced by 16% (3) 12 (2) 1 (3) 0. 5 (1) 15000 R 410 A (1. 2 kg) (1) 12000 0 7000 9000 (2) 1 (3) 0 (2) 2100 11000 13000 (3) 23 (Kg･ Kg･CO 2)　 15000 （Precondition for Calculation） - Recovery rate = 30%, Leakage rate= 5%/yr, Source of Emissions during refrigerant production is JRAIA 2004 Kobe Symposium GWP=IPCC 4 th (the EU F gas regulation, the GWP of the IPCC 1 apply where R 410 A is 1975) 　　 *1 Taking low pressure loss into consideration, narrower heat exchanger was used to reduce charge volume. *2 To improve efficiency, HX size was increased : Indoor HX x 1, 1 + Path x 2, Outdoor HX x 1. 2, and connecting pipe increased from 3/8=> 5/8 *3 To meet IEC requirements, charge volume was reduced: Indoor HX x 0. 8, Outdoor HX x 0. 5, narrower piping was used. *4 To Improve efficiency: Outdoor unit HX was increased x 1. 1 November 13 th, 2010 Daikin Industries, Ltd.

How to Evaluate Refrigerants? – Global Warming Impact GWP Charge ratio % 3 Modified GWP 75% reduction • The direct global warming effect of R 32 is only 26% of R 22, and 24% of R 410 • Could be much lower by using micro channel heat exchanger GWP values are based on IPCC 4 th report. (Note : for the EU F gas regulation, the GWP values of the IPCC 1 apply where R 410 A is 1975) November 13 th, 2010 Daikin Industries, Ltd.

How to Evaluate Refrigerants? – Energy-efficiencies - 4 • Peak power comparison • SEER Comparison (cooling mode) HPs （Reversible）- 3. 5 k. W-Room AC in Europe (R 410 A ratio) under cooling condition Outside 35°C, room 27°CDB/19° CWB R 22 (1. 14 kg) HFO 1234 yf (1. 32 kg) *2 R 32 (0. 84 kg) *1 Propane (0. 37 kg) *3 If disregard IEC, the charge volume is 0. 58 kg, and SEER could be same as R 22 CO 2 (0. 84 Kg) *4 R 410 A (1. 2 kg) 0. 7 0. 8 0. 9 Efficiency ratio 1. 0 Consideration: In terms of SEER, CO 2 is the worst, and the rest of candidates are equivalent to R 410 A. 1. 1 0. 7 1. 0 Power ratio 1. 3 Consideration: A big difference exists in the peak power under cooling condition. HFO and CO 2 will cause peak power problems in large cities. (Precondition for Calculation) Note: HX= Heat Exchanger *1 Taking low pressure loss into consideration, used narrower heat exchanger to reduce charge volume. *2 To improve efficiency, changed sizes: Indoor HX x 1, 1 + Path x 2, Outdoor HX x 1. 2, and connecting pipe => 5/8 *3 To meet IEC requirements, charge volume was reduced: Indoor HX x 0. 8, Outdoor HX x 0. 5, and used narrower piping. *4 To Improve efficiency: Outdoor unit HX x 1. 1 November 13 th, 2010 Daikin Industries, Ltd.

How to Evaluate Refrigerants – Safety: Flammability - 5 Consideration on the use of 2 L refrigerants classified by ASHRAE 34 and ISO 817 ASHRAE 34: Class 1 = Non flammable, Class 2 L Mildly flammable Class 2= Flammable, Class 3 = Highly Flammable Class 1 Class 2 L Class 2 (No flame propagation) (Lower flammable with low burning velocity) (Lower flammable with high burning velocity) CO 2(R 744 ) R 410 A R 22 HFO 1234 yf R 32 Ammonia (Toxic) R 152 a Class 3 (Higher flammability) Propane (R 290) 1. Flammability of Class 2 L is similar to ammonia. Consideration is ongoing to clarify the safety requirements to use 2 L refrigerants 2. Commercial refrigeration and MAC (wrong use) which employed R 290 caused fire accidents in the field 3. ASHRAE 34 recently reclassified R 32 & HFO 1234 yf down to new Class 2 L (Lower flammability, low burning velocity) <Fire accident examples> Beer cooler incident in Australia 10/19/95, CA: charging while engine was still hot 8/18/96, MS: low pressure hose from evaporator blew off 9/27/96, AR: torch used on truck AC unit after venting refrigerant Source: US-EPA in Bogota 2008 Propane explosion in a New Zealand supermarket. Source: EFCTC newsletter Fire accidentｓ in case of HC use for cooking & heaters : ave. 68/yr, death: ave. 1. 3/yr (01 -06) , : Source METI Japan November 13 th, 2010 Daikin Industries, Ltd.

6 While risk of R 290 (propane) can be addressed with several measures (eg forced fan operation to lower concentration below LFL), repair and disposal risks remain considerably high. Source : Risk assessment work on HC refrigerant carried out by JRAIA Non Fluorocarbon Refrigerant WG in 1999 -2000. Estimated Incidents/year in Japan with R 290 room air conditioners, after Measures 60 Reason : 50 -Human errors during repair & disposal, which is beyond the control of manufacturers Pessimistic 40 30 - During repair & disposal there is no power supply for the unit, so measures such as forced fan operation do not work. Optimistic 20 10 0 Transport Installation Use Repair Disposal November 13 th, 2010 Daikin Industries, Ltd.

7 How to Evaluate Refrigerants – Cost up Factors - The Example of Room A/C Component which increases cost Propane (R 290) R 32 HFO 1234 yf CO 2(R 744) Refrigerant price Cheap Expensive Cheap Cost for performance Compressor, EX, etc. Modification required Same as R 22 Near as R 410 A Same as R 410 A Larger comp. Larger pipe etc. Two-stage comp. High-pressure etc. Cost for safety Charge reduction Joint Electronic parts Leak detector Ventilation Important (ex. 230 g) Special joint Sealing etc. Necessary Special joint Unnecessary Necessary Special joint Unnecessary Necessary Unnecessary Cost for handling Manufacture Supply chain Installation Service Disposal Special facility Qualification Qualified person Qualification Consideration: Propane requires additional cost when taking safety measures in application and handling. Modified facility Modification Modification Modified facility Qualification Qualified person Required in Japan Consideration: CO 2 requires significant cost for performance improvement. November 13 th, 2010 Daikin Industries, Ltd.

How to Evaluate Refrigerants – Early Implementation - 8 *1: The figures are by Öko Recherche Difference in Situations HCFC to non. ODS HVAC Market Expectation HFC Emissions in 2050 (BAU) *1 Containment Measures Developing nations Not started Rapid 76% Not in place Developed nations Completed Saturated 24% Partially in place (EU, Japan) • Early Implementation in Developing Nations is Most Important • Change over to lower environmental impact refrigerants ASAP. • Establish containment measures for further mitigating the impact. “Quick Gain” To significantly reduce future global warming impact Use Technology Available “NOW” November 13 th, 2010 Daikin Industries, Ltd.

9 Refrigerant application map for ACs and HPs (Daikin’s assessment for the time being) Today’s　Focus Chiller Water heater Room split ? ? CO 2 R 32 CO 2、NH 3 R 32 HFO Daikin does not produce Mobile Commercial split Refrigeration November 13 th, 2010 Daikin Industries, Ltd.

DAIKIN Conclusion February 18 th, 2011 Daikin US

11 Conclusion 1. Evaluate not only GWP but also the total GHG emissions (LCCP) In case of R 32, higher efficiency and less refrigerant charge will lead to lower greenhouse gas emissions. Additional leakage prevention measures will contribute to emission reduction further, as is the case of all refrigerants. 2. A 2 L Class refrigerants for all capacity ranges can be used with only minor modifications 3. Peak load should be considered when choosing candidates. Not only seasonal energy efficiency but also efficiency in extreme temperature conditions (peak load) should be taken into consideration. It is important for the power supply infrastructure. 4. Earn “Quick Gain” for lowering future global warming impact. To address climate change issues, quick actions are required. We are confident that R 32 technology is one of the solutions that can quickly reduce greenhouse gas emissions from refrigerants, in both developed and developing countries. November 13 th, 2010 Daikin Industries, Ltd.

DAIKIN Thank you for your kind attention February 18 th, 2011 Daikin US