D Hardin DIVERGENT PLATE BOUNDARY MidOcean Ridge Iceland

D. Hardin

DIVERGENT PLATE BOUNDARY Mid-Ocean Ridge Iceland D. Hardin

DIVERGENT PLATE BOUNDARY Mid-Ocean Ridge Iceland D. Hardin

DIVERGENT PLATE BOUNDARY Mid-Ocean Ridge Iceland Geysir (Strokkur) Blue Lagoon Krafla, 1980 Thingvellir Hekla, 2000 Eyjafjallajökull, 2010 D. Hardin

WESTERN UPLAND D. Hardin

WESTERN UPLAND Fenno-Scandinavian Shield D. Hardin

WESTERN UPLAND Fenno-Scandinavian Shield Udachnaya Mine, Russia D. Hardin

PLEISTOCENE GLACIATION Greenland ice sheet D. Hardin

PLEISTOCENE GLACIATION 50 ° N

WESTERN UPLAND Fenno-Scandinavian Shield D. Hardin

WESTERN UPLANDS Norwegian fjords D. Hardin

WESTERN UPLANDS Norwegian fjords Geiranger Fjord Sogna Fjord Uplands Lyse Fjord 3, 338’ Geiranger Fjord 26+ hairpins! D. Hardin

WESTERN UPLANDS Northern British Isles D. Hardin

WESTERN UPLANDS Northern British Isles ? !? E AK F Giant’s Causeway Glencoe Loch Ness Arthur’s Seat Great Glen D. Hardin

WESTERN UPLANDS Spanish Meseta D. Hardin

WESTERN UPLANDS Spanish Meseta La Mancha Madrid 640 m 2099 ft Siguenza Old Castile Segovia Extremadura D. Hardin

NORTH EUROPEAN LOWLAND D. Hardin

NORTH EUROPEAN LOWLAND Glacial features D. Hardin

NORTH EUROPEAN LOWLAND Glacial features Jutland Peninsula D. Hardin

NORTH EUROPEAN LOWLAND Glacial features Baltic Coast Hitler’s bunker, Berlin Estonia water level 1945 Poland high water mark 1989 D. Hardin

NORTH EUROPEAN LOWLAND Glacial features Netherlands e e ns de d Wa s i lu Wieringer Polder Northeast Polder Delta Project ev Fl Amsterdam ol an d Ijs se l No m rth ee r Se a Af jk j td Rotterdam D. Hardin

NORTH EUROPEAN LOWLAND Uplifted edges D. Hardin

NORTH EUROPEAN LOWLAND Uplifted edges English Downs South Downs Dover White Horse Hill D. Hardin

NORTH EUROPEAN LOWLAND Uplifted edges Paris Basin Reims Paris M e arn R. e n g pa m a h Epernay C on i g Re . e. R Sein D. Hardin

NORTH EUROPEAN LOWLAND North Sea oil D. Hardin

NORTH EUROPEAN LOWLAND North Sea oil D. Hardin

CENTRAL UPLANDS D. Hardin

CENTRAL UPLANDS Massif Central D. Hardin

CENTRAL UPLANDS Massif Central Puy des Domes Chaines des Puy Le Puy en Velay D. Hardin

CENTRAL UPLANDS Ardennes/Eifel D. Hardin

CENTRAL UPLANDS Ardennes/Eifel 1940 1944 D. Hardin

CENTRAL UPLANDS Hercynian Hills D. Hardin

CENTRAL UPLANDS Hercynian Hills Harz Mts. Teutobergerwald Drachenfels Erzgebirge Thuringerwald Boehemerwald D. Hardin

ALPINE SYSTEM D. Hardin

ALPINE SYSTEM Alps D. Hardin

ALPINE SYSTEM Alps Berner Oberland NORTHERN CENTRAL Eiger Monch Jungfrau SOUTHERN Matterhorn Lauterbrunnen Valley D. Hardin

ALPINE SYSTEM Alps Mont Blanc Mer de Glace (Sea of Ice) 15, 781’

ALPINE SYSTEM Alps Mont Blanc Mer de Glace (Sea of Ice) retreat 1895 1821 1644

ALPINE SYSTEM Alps Avalanche hazard

ALPINE SYSTEM Alps Avalanche hazard

ALPINE SYSTEM Alps Transportation problems Mount Blanc Tunnel Brenner Pass D. Hardin

ALPINE SYSTEM Dinaric Alps D. Hardin

ALPINE SYSTEM Dinaric Alps summer winter polje Postojna Caverns D. Hardin

ALPINE SYSTEM Pindus Mts/Peleponesis D. Hardin

ALPINE SYSTEM Pindus Mts/Peleponesis nd Pi us ou M ai nt ns Pindus Mountains sis ne po le Pe Corinth D. Hardin

ALPINE SYSTEM Pindus Mts/Peleponesis Battle of Thermopylae 480 BCE nd Pi us ou M ai nt ns Athens sis ne po le Pe Sparta D. Hardin

ALPINE SYSTEM Volcanoes D. Hardin

ALPINE SYSTEM Volcanics Mt. Ætna Italian volcanoes Vesuvius Naples Pompeii Vesuvius from Naples Pompeii Vulcano D. Hardin

ALPINE SYSTEM Volcanics Thera/Santorini Aegean Sea N CA RI TE AF PLA Santorini TURKISH PLATE EURASIAN PLATE AEGEAN PLATE Akrotiri ruins D. Hardin