Czar Nicholas II 1894 1917 Vladimir Lenin Russia

Czar Nicholas II 1894 -1917 Vladimir Lenin Russia before Revolution 300 Years of Czar Rule Ends…

Social Structure of Russia Serfs (Peasants) Clergy Nobility Intellectuals Cover Serfs & Intellectuals first day

Russia before Revolution (1900) • Tremendous size & population – 145 million (90% peasants) – Rich natural resources • Weak Economy – High prices, food shortages, etc… • Limited transportation network – Few railroads or well built roads • Weak industrial power – Few factories, limited steel production, outdated agriculture – Far behind rivals (U. S. , France, Great Britain & Germany)

300 Years of CZAR Rule in Russia (1613 – 1917) • • • Renaissance ideas never spread to Russia Czars ruled as virtual dictators No legislative body, no constitution No freedom of speech or assembly Noble class supported czar rule but had little political power The Romanovs

Noble Reading Serfs (Peasants) Clergy Nobility Intellectuals

Rule of Czar Alexander III 1881 -1894 • 1881: Begins rule after father is assassinated by student revolutionaries seeking reform • Alexander III fights reform => Russia becomes a police state – censorship & secret police intimidation became common • Russification: forced people to adopt the Russian language/culture – minority groups such as Poles, Finns, Latvians, Armenians, etc • Persecution of Jews – Faced discrimination in work/school, organized violence (called pogroms)

The Last CZAR Nicholas II 1894 -1917 • Refused to surrender any power • Committed 3 major mistakes: 1) Russo-Japanese War (1904) 2) Bloody Sunday (1905) 3) World War I (1914)

Road to Revolution Russo-Japanese War (1904) Humiliating Defeat Bloody Sunday (1905) Peaceful protest for reform Soldiers fire on crowd Nicholas establishes Duma • • Russia’s 1 st parliament But gives it little/no power World War I (1914) Army unprepared Troops mutiny

Bloody Sunday

Video: Revolution Begins

Journal #1 • Describe the conditions in Russia in 1917 which made revolution inevitable. • Analyze who intellectuals are in terms of revolutions and why they are an important group. – Hint: what is their role in the revolution process?