Cyc Seven Differences between Cyc and Frames Systems

Cyc Seven Differences between Cyc and Frames Systems

Overview I. Cyc: an “ontology editor” and more II. Cyc. L: more expressive than frames III. OE: “Editing the ontology” A. the traditional way B. through natural language

More than an “ontology editor” • Knowlege Base (KB) – commonsense knowledge – not-so-commonsense knowledge • Inference – Modus Ponens: P implies Q; P; hence, Q. – HL modules: specialized reasoners • Natural Language Processing – parsing: English to Cyc. L – generation: Cyc. L to English

Cyc. L vs. Frames 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. concepts not OOP objects more-than-binary relations quantifiers modals meta-assertions, order infinity (? ) logic self-referentiality implicit representation of inverses

1. Constants not OOP objects • Constants – entities: #$Osama. Bin. Laden, #$Texas – collections: #$Pizza, #$Natural. Number – predicates: #$likes. As. Friend, #$isa, #$genls – functions: #$Government. Fn, #$Mother. Fn – quantifiers: #$for. All, #$there. Exists • The meaning of a constant: – The set of sentences in the KB involving it – NOT the set of its slot values

Cyc. L vs. Frames 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. concepts not OOP objects more-than-binary relations quantifiers modals meta-assertions, order infinity (? ) logic self-referentiality implicit representation of inverses

2. >binary predicates in Cyc • #$behavior. Capable, for example – #$arity: 3 – #$arg 1 Isa: #$Something. Existing – #$arg 2 Isa: #$Collection – #$arg 2 Genl: #$Situation-Temporal – #$arg 3 Isa: #$Role • (#$behavior. Capable #$Bill #$Swimming #$performed. By)

Cyc. L vs. Frames 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. concepts not OOP objects more-than-binary relations quantifiers modals meta-assertions, order infinity (? ) logic self-referentiality implicit representation of inverses

3. Quantifiiers in Cyc (for. All ? X (implies (isa ? X Woman) (there. Exists ? Y (and (isa ? Y Man) (loves ? Y ? X))))) • not possible with frames

Cyc. L vs. Frames 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. concepts not OOP objects more-than-binary relations quantifiers modals meta-assertions, order infinity (? ) logic self-referentiality implicit representation of inverses

4. Modals in Cyc • #$beliefs, for example: (#$beliefs #$Pierre (#$equals #$Sexual. Arousal #$Pity)) (Cyc Assertion 1204909) • not possible with frames

Cyc. L vs. Frames 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. concepts not OOP objects more-than-binary relations quantifiers modals meta-assertions, order infinity (? ) logic self-referentiality implicit representation of inverses

5. Meta-Assertions in Cyc (#$salient. Assertions #$Roland M(#$fan. Of #$Roland #$King. Crimson-Music. Group))) • not possible with frames – b/c there is no assertion object to refer to

Cyc. L vs. Frames 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. concepts not OOP objects more-than-binary relations quantifiers modals meta-assertions, order infinity (? ) logic self-referentiality implicit representation of inverses

6. Self-Referentiality • Assertions about Cyc(L), in Cyc(L) – #$arg 1 Isa, #$arg 2 Isa, #$arity – #$Relation, #$Quantifier, #$EL-Variable – #$Symmetric. Binary. Predicate – #$Inference. Related. Bookkeeping. Predicate – #$Cyc. L – #$Cyc

Cyc. L vs. Frames 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. concepts not OOP objects more-than-binary relations quantifiers modals meta-assertions, order infinity (? ) logic self-referentiality implicit representation of inverses

7. Implicit inverses • Inverses: for example – (#$mother ? kid ? mom) = kid’s mother is mom – (#$mother. Of ? mom ? kid) = ditto – so #$mother. Of and #$mother are inverses • Can be implicitly represented in Cyc. L • In a frames system, you have to explicitly represent the inverse of every predicate, which is wasteful.

Cyc. L vs. Frames 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. concepts not OOP objects more-than-binary relations quantifiers modals meta-assertions, order infinity (? ) logic self-referentiality implicit representation of inverses

Now let’s play