Cyc 80 Douglas Lenat Inman Microelectronics and Computer

Разработчики Cyc • Начало 80 -х годов • Douglas Lenat и адмирал Inman • Microelectronics and Computer Technology. Corporation • C 1995 Cycorp

Cyc и онтологии • In philosophy, ontology is the study of being. • In knowledge-based systems, an ontology is that part of the system which specifies what things exist what is true about them. Cyc’s ontology is essentially its whole knowledge base

Cyc: symbolic AI • Нет статистики • 400 000 утверждений (1995): факты, правила • Cyc is intended to provide a deep layer of understanding that can be used by other programs (such as domain-specific expert systems) to make them more flexible

Cyc. L: константы • • Словарь онтологии: сущности и понятия #$Walking #$Typewriter Individuals: – #$Internal. Revenue. Service – #$Walking 00036 • Имена предикатов: #$isa, #$likes. As. Friend • Имена функций #$Government. Fn: • #$Government. Of (#$Canada))

Значимость имен - 2 • #$Little. Red. Haired. Girl. Liked. By. Charlie. Brown – #$Female. Child – #$hair. Color – #$Red. Hair. Color – #$Charlie. Brown – #$likes. As. Friend

Предикаты: типы аргументов • • • Определяются в описании предиката #$arg 1 Isa, #$arg 2 Isa Предикат #$resides. In. Dwelling (#$isa #$resides. In. Dwelling #$Binary. Predicate) (#$arg 1 Isa #$resides. In. Dwelling #$Animal) (#$arg 2 Isa #$resides. In. Dwelling #$Shelter. Construction)

Пример описания функции: • (#$arity #$Government. Fn 1) • (#$arg 1 Isa #$Government. Fn #$Geopolitical. Entity) • (#$result. Isa #$Government. Fn #$Regional. Government)

Атомные формулы: примеры • (#$likes. As. Friend #$Dougl. Lenat #$Keith. Goolsbey) • (#$skill. Capable. Of #$Linus. Van. Pelt #$Playing. AMusical. Instrument ) • (#$color. Of. Object ? CAR ? COLOR) • Первые две формулы – ground atomic formulas (GAF)

Cyc. L: квантификаторы • For. All • there. Exists, there. Exists. At. Least, there. Exists. At. Most, there. Exists. Exactly • (#$for. All ? X – (#$implies • (#$owns #$Fred ? X) • (#$object. Found. Location ? X #$Freds. House)))

Пример с квантификаторами • (#$implies – (#$isa ? P #$Person) – (#$there Exist. Exactly 2 ? Leg) • (#$and – (#$isa ? Leg #$Leg) – (#$anatomical Parts ? P ? Leg))))

Cyc. L: значение истинности • Microtheories • 5 значений истинности: – Default true – Monotonically true=true with no exceptions – Default false – Monotonically false – unknown

Пример ASK • (#$and – (#$geographical. Sub. Regions #$Continent. Of. Europe ? X) – (#$head. Of. State. Of ? X ? Y)) – Direction: backward – Number: 5 – Time: 10 – Inference depth: 3

Cyc Knowledge Server • • • Cyc Knowledge Base Cyc Inference Engine Cyc. L Representation Language Natural Language Processing Subsystem Cyc Semantic Integrated Bus – связь между традиционными структурами хранения (базы данных) и Knowledge base • Cyc Developer Toolsets

Пример неоднозначной синтаксической интерпретации • John washed the dishes on the table • 1) John washed the dishes which are now on the table • 2) John did the dishwashing on the table • Правило: Cyc knows that dishwashing typically occurs in sinks or dishwashers, not on tables.

Разрешение референции • Fred went to the store, bought a candy bar with his credit card, walked to the park, and ate it. • It - "store", "candy bar", "credit card", and "park" ? • Правило: parks, stores, and credit cards aren't things which are normally eaten

Open. Cyc • • http: //opencyc. sourceforge. net 6 тысяч понятий - 60 тысяч суждений Cyc Inference Engine Cyc Knowldege Browser Документация Спецификация языка Cyc. L Трансляторы Cyc. L-to-Lisp, Cyc. L-to-C

Примеры и свойства - 1 • • • #$genls - транзитивно (#$genls #$Dog #$Mammal) и (#$genls #$Mammal #$Vertebrate) Следует (#$genls #$Dog #$Vertebrate)

Свойства: isa+genls=isa • • (#$isa #$Pufy #$Dog) и (#$genls #$Dog #$Mammal) Следует (#$isa #$Pufy #$Mammal)

Пример: skin • #$Skin • A (piece of) skin serves as outer protective and tactile sensory covering for (part of) an animal's body. This is the collection of all pieces of skin. Some examples include #$The. Golden. Fleece (representing an entire skin of an animal) and (#$Body. Part. Fn #$Yul. Brynner #$Scalp) (representing a small portion of his skin). • isa: #$Animal. Body. Part. Type genls: #$Biological. Living. Object #$Animal. Body. Part #$Sheet. Of. Some. Stuff #$Vibration. Through. AMedium. Sensor #$Tactile. Sensor