CWNA Guide to Wireless LANs Second Edition Chapter

CWNA Guide to Wireless LANs, Second Edition Chapter Five IEEE 802. 11 Media Access Control and Network Layer Standards CWNA Guide to Wireless LANs, Second Edition

Objectives • List and define three types of WLAN configurations • Tell the function of the MAC frame formats • Explain the MAC procedures for joining, transmitting, and remaining connected to a WLAN • Describe the functions of mobile IP CWNA Guide to Wireless LANs, Second Edition 2

IEEE Wireless LAN Configurations: Basic Service Set • Basic Service Set (BSS): Group of wireless devices served by single AP – infrastructure mode • BSS must be assigned unique identifier – Service Set Identifier (SSID) • Serves as “network name” for BSS • Basic Service Area (BSA): Geographical area of a BSS – Max BSA for a WLAN depends on many factors • Dynamic rate shifting: As mobile devices move away from AP, transmission speed decreases CWNA Guide to Wireless LANs, Second Edition 3

IEEE Wireless LAN Configurations: Basic Service Set (continued) Figure 5 -1: Basic Service Set (BSS) CWNA Guide to Wireless LANs, Second Edition 4

IEEE Wireless LAN Configurations: Extended Service Set • Extended Service Set (ESS): Comprised of two or more BSS networks connected via a common distribution system • APs can be positioned so that cells overlap to facilitate roaming – Wireless devices choose AP based on signal strength – Handoff CWNA Guide to Wireless LANs, Second Edition 5

IEEE Wireless LAN Configurations: Extended Service Set (continued) Figure 5 -2: Extended Service Set (ESS) CWNA Guide to Wireless LANs, Second Edition 6

IEEE Wireless LAN Configurations: Independent Basic Service Set • Independent Basic Service Set (IBSS): Wireless network that does not use an AP – Wireless devices communicate between themselves – Peer-to-peer or ad hoc mode • BSS more flexible than IBSS in being able to connect to other wired or wireless networks • IBSS useful for quickly and easily setting up wireless network – When no connection to Internet or external network needed CWNA Guide to Wireless LANs, Second Edition 7

IEEE Wireless LAN Configurations: Independent Basic Service Set (continued) Figure 5 -3: Independent Basic Service Set (IBSS) CWNA Guide to Wireless LANs, Second Edition 8

IEEE 802. 11 Media Access Control (MAC) Layer Standards • Media Access Control (MAC) layer performs several vital functions in a WLAN – – Discovering WLAN signal Joining WLAN Transmitting on WLAN Remaining connected to WLAN • Mechanics of how functions performed center around frames sent and received in WLANs CWNA Guide to Wireless LANs, Second Edition 9

MAC Frame Formats • Packet: Smaller segments of a digital data transmission – Strictly speaking, other terms used to describe these smaller segments • Frames: Packet at MAC layer – Or Data Link layer in OSI model – IEEE MAC frames different from 802. 3 Ethernet frames in format and function – Used by wireless NICs and APs for communications and managing/controlling wireless network CWNA Guide to Wireless LANs, Second Edition 10

MAC Frame Formats (continued) • Frame control field identifies: – Specific 802. 11 protocol version – Frame type – Indicators that show WLAN configuration • All frames contain – MAC address of the source and destination device – Frame sequence number – Frame check sequence for error detection CWNA Guide to Wireless LANs, Second Edition 11

MAC Frame Formats (continued) • Management Frames: Initialize communications between device and AP (infrastructure mode) or between devices (ad hoc mode) – Maintain connection Figure 5 -4: Structure of a management frame CWNA Guide to Wireless LANs, Second Edition 12

MAC Frame Formats (continued) • Types of management frames: – – – – – Authentication frame Association request frame Association response frame Beacon frame Deauthentication frame Disassociation frame Probe request frame Probe response frame Reassociation request frame Reassociation response frame CWNA Guide to Wireless LANs, Second Edition 13

MAC Frame Formats (continued) • Control frames: Provide assistance in delivering frames that contain data Figure 5 -5: Control frame CWNA Guide to Wireless LANs, Second Edition 14

MAC Frame Formats (continued) • Data frame: Carries information to be transmitted to destination device Figure 5 -6: Data frame CWNA Guide to Wireless LANs, Second Edition 15

Discovering the WLAN: Beaconing • At regular intervals, AP (infrastructure network) or wireless device (ad hoc network) sends beacon frame – Announce presence – Provide info for other devices to join network • Beacon frame format follows standard structure of a management frame – Destination address always set to all ones CWNA Guide to Wireless LANs, Second Edition 16

Discovering the WLAN: Beaconing (continued) Figure 5 -7: Beaconing CWNA Guide to Wireless LANs, Second Edition 17

Discovering the WLAN: Beaconing (continued) • Beacon frame body contains following fields: – – – Beacon interval Timestamp Service Set Identifier (SSID) Supported rates Parameter sets Capability information • In ad hoc networks, each wireless device assumes responsibility for beaconing • In infrastructure networks beacon interval normally 100 ms, but can be modified CWNA Guide to Wireless LANs, Second Edition 18

Discovering the WLAN: Scanning • Receiving wireless device must be looking for beacon frames • Passive scanning: Wireless device simply listens for beacon frame – Typically, on each available channel for set period • Active scanning: Wireless device first sends out a management probe request frame on each available channel – Then waits for probe response frame from all available APs CWNA Guide to Wireless LANs, Second Edition 19

Discovering the WLAN: Scanning (continued) Figure 5 -8: Active scanning CWNA Guide to Wireless LANs, Second Edition 20

Joining the WLAN: Authentication • Unlike standard wired LANS, authentication performed before user connected to network – Authentication of the wireless device, not the user • IEEE 802. 11 authentication: Process in which AP accepts or rejects a wireless device • Open system authentication: Most basic, and default, authentication method • Shared key authentication: Optional authentication method – Utilizes challenge text CWNA Guide to Wireless LANs, Second Edition 21

Joining the WLAN: Authentication (continued) Figure 5 -9: Open system authentication CWNA Guide to Wireless LANs, Second Edition 22

Joining the WLAN: Authentication (continued) Figure 5 -10: Shared key authentication CWNA Guide to Wireless LANs, Second Edition 23

Joining the WLAN: Authentication (continued) • Open system and Shared key authentication techniques are weak – Open System: Only need SSID to connect – Shared Key: Key installed manually on devices • Can be discovered by examining the devices • Digital certificates: Digital documents that associate an individual with key value – Digitally “signed” by trusted third party – Cannot change any part of digital certificate without being detected CWNA Guide to Wireless LANs, Second Edition 24

Joining the WLAN: Association • Association: Accepting a wireless device into a wireless network – Final step to join WLAN • After authentication, AP responds with association response frame – Contains acceptance or rejection notice • If AP accepts wireless device, reserves memory space in AP and establishes association ID • Association response frame includes association ID and supported data rates CWNA Guide to Wireless LANs, Second Edition 25

Transmitting on the WLAN: Distributed Coordination Function (DCF) • MAC layer responsible for controlling access to wireless medium • Channel access methods: Rules for cooperation among wireless devices – Contention: Computers compete to use medium • If two devices send frames simultaneously, collision results and frames become unintelligible • Must take steps to avoid collisions CWNA Guide to Wireless LANs, Second Edition 26

Transmitting on the WLAN: Distributed Coordination Function (continued) • Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection (CSMA/CD): Before networked device sends a frame, listens to see if another device currently transmitting – If traffic exists, wait; otherwise send – Devices continue listening while sending frame • If collision occurs, stops and broadcasts a “jam” signal • CSMA/CD cannot be used on wireless networks: – Difficult to detect collisions – Hidden node problem CWNA Guide to Wireless LANs, Second Edition 27

Transmitting on the WLAN: Distributed Coordination Function (continued) Figure 5 -11: Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection (CSMA/CD) CWNA Guide to Wireless LANs, Second Edition 28

Transmitting on the WLAN: Distributed Coordination Function (continued) Figure 5 -11 (continued): Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection (CSMA/CD) CWNA Guide to Wireless LANs, Second Edition 29

Transmitting on the WLAN: Distributed Coordination Function (continued) Figure 5 -12: Hidden node problem CWNA Guide to Wireless LANs, Second Edition 30

Transmitting on the WLAN: Distributed Coordination Function (continued) • Distributed Coordination Function (DCF): Specifies modified version of CSMA/CD – Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance (CSMA/CA) – Attempts to avoid collisions altogether – Time when most collisions occur is immediately after a station completes transmission – All stations must wait random amount of time after medium clear • Slot time CWNA Guide to Wireless LANs, Second Edition 31

Transmitting on the WLAN: Distributed Coordination Function (continued) • CSMA/CA also reduces collisions via explicit frame acknowledgment – Acknowledgment frame (ACK): Sent by receiving device to sending device to confirm data frame arrived intact – If ACK not returned, transmission error assumed • CSMA/CA does not eliminate collisions – Does not solve hidden node problem CWNA Guide to Wireless LANs, Second Edition 32

Transmitting on the WLAN: Distributed Coordination Function (continued) Figure 5 -13: CSMA/CA and ACK CWNA Guide to Wireless LANs, Second Edition 33

Transmitting on the WLAN: Distributed Coordination Function (continued) • Request to Send/Clear to Send (RTS/CTS) protocol: Option used to solve hidden node problem – Significant overhead upon the WLAN with transmission of RTS and CTS frames • Especially with short data packets – RTS threshold: Only packets that longer than RTS threshold transmitted using RTS/CTS CWNA Guide to Wireless LANs, Second Edition 34

Transmitting on the WLAN: Distributed Coordination Function (continued) Figure 5 -14: Request to Send/Clear to Send (RTS/CTS) CWNA Guide to Wireless LANs, Second Edition 35

Transmitting on the WLAN: Interframe Spacing • Interframe spaces (IFS): Intervals between transmissions of data frames – Short IFS (SIFS): For immediate response actions such as ACK – Point Coordination Function IFS (PIFS): Time used by a device to access medium after it has been asked and then given approval to transmit – Distributed Coordination Function IFS (DIFS): Standard interval between transmission of data frames CWNA Guide to Wireless LANs, Second Edition 36

Transmitting on the WLAN: Interframe Spacing (continued) Figure 5 -15: CSMA/CA with one station transmitting CWNA Guide to Wireless LANs, Second Edition 37

Transmitting on the WLAN: Interframe Spacing (continued) Figure 5 -16: CSMA/CA with two stations transmitting CWNA Guide to Wireless LANs, Second Edition 38

Transmitting on the WLAN: Fragmentation • Fragmentation: Divide data to be transmitted from one large frame into several smaller ones – Reduces probability of collisions – Reduces amount of time medium is in use • If data frame length exceeds specific value, MAC layer fragments it – Receiving station reassembles fragments • Alternative to RTS/CTS – High overhead • ACKs and additional SIFS time gaps CWNA Guide to Wireless LANs, Second Edition 39

Transmitting on the WLAN: Point Coordination Function (PCF) • Polling: Channel access method in which each device asked in sequence if it wants to transmit – Effectively prevents collisions • Point Coordination Function (PCF): AP serves as polling device or “point coordinator” • Point coordinator has to wait only through point coordination function IFS (PIFS) time gap – Shorter than DFIS time gap CWNA Guide to Wireless LANs, Second Edition 40

Transmitting on the WLAN: Point Coordination Function (continued) • If point coordinator hears no traffic after PIFS time gap, sends out beacon frame – Field to indicate length of time that PCF (polling) will be used instead of DCF (contention) • Receiving stations must stop transmission for that amount of time – Point coordinator then sends frame to specific station, granting permission to transmit one frame • 802. 11 standard allows WLAN to alternate between PCF (polling) and DCF (contention) CWNA Guide to Wireless LANs, Second Edition 41

Transmitting on the WLAN: Point Coordination Function (continued) Figure 5 -18: DIFS and DCF frames CWNA Guide to Wireless LANs, Second Edition 42

Transmitting on the WLAN: Quality of Service (Qo. S) and 802. 11 e • DCF does not work well for real-time, timedependent traffic • Quality of Service (Qo. S): Capability to prioritize different types of frames • Wi-Fi Multimedia (WMM): Modeled after wired network Qo. S prioritization scheme • 802. 11 e draft: defines superset of features intended to provide Qo. S over WLANs – Proposes two new mode of operation for 802. 11 MAC Layer CWNA Guide to Wireless LANs, Second Edition 43

Transmitting on the WLAN: Quality of Service and 802. 11 e (continued) Table 5 -1: Wi-Fi Multimedia (WMM) CWNA Guide to Wireless LANs, Second Edition 44

Transmitting on the WLAN: Quality of Service and 802. 11 e (continued) • 802. 11 e draft (continued): – Enhanced Distributed Channel Access (EDCA): Contention-based but supports different types of traffic • Four access categories (AC) • Provides “relative” Qo. S but cannot guarantee service – Hybrid Coordination Function Controlled Channel Access (HCCA): New form of PCF based upon polling • Serves as a centralized scheduling mechanism CWNA Guide to Wireless LANs, Second Edition 45

Remaining Connected to the WLAN: Reassociation • Reassociation: Device drops connection with one AP and establish connection with another – Several reason why reassociation may occur: • Roaming • Weakened signal – When device determines link to current AP is poor, begins scanning to find another AP • Can use information from previous scans CWNA Guide to Wireless LANs, Second Edition 46

Remaining Connected to the WLAN: Power Management • When laptop is part of a WLAN, must remain “awake” in order to receive network transmissions – Original IEEE 802 standard assumes stations always ready to receive network messages • Power management: Allows mobile devices to conserve battery life without missing transmissions – – Transparent to all protocols Differs based on WLAN configuration AP records which stations awake and sleeping Buffering: If sleeping, AP temporarily stores frames CWNA Guide to Wireless LANs, Second Edition 47

Remaining Connected to the WLAN: Power Management (continued) Figure 5 -19: Power management in infrastructure mode CWNA Guide to Wireless LANs, Second Edition 48

Remaining Connected to the WLAN: Power Management (continued) • At set times AP send out beacon to all stations – Contains traffic indication map (TIM) – At same time, all sleeping stations switch into active listening mode • Power management in ad hoc mode: – Ad hoc traffic indication message (ATIM) window: Time at which all stations must be awake • Wireless device sends beacon to all other devices – Devices that previously attempted to send a frame to a sleeping device will send ATIM frame indicating that receiving device has data to receive and must remain awake CWNA Guide to Wireless LANs, Second Edition 49

WLAN Network Layer Standards: WLAN IP Addressing • In standard networking, IP protocol responsible for moving frames between computers – Network layer protocol • TCP/IP works on principle that each network host has unique IP address – Used to locate path to specific host – Routers use IP address to forward packets – Prohibits mobile users from switching to another network and using same IP number • Users who want to roam need new IP address on every network CWNA Guide to Wireless LANs, Second Edition 50

WLAN Network Layer Standards: Mobile IP • Provides mechanism within TCP/IP protocol to support mobile computing – Computers given home address, • Static IP number on home network – Home agent: Forwarding mechanism that keeps track of where mobile computer located – When computer moves to foreign network, a foreign agent provides routing services • Assigns computer a care-of address • Computer registers care-of address with home agent CWNA Guide to Wireless LANs, Second Edition 51

WLAN Network Layer Standards: Mobile IP (continued) Figure 5 -20: Mobile IP components CWNA Guide to Wireless LANs, Second Edition 52

WLAN Network Layer Standards: Mobile IP (continued) Figure 5 -21: Computer relocated in Mobile IP CWNA Guide to Wireless LANs, Second Edition 53

WLAN Network Layer Standards: Mobile IP (continued) Figure 5 -22: Encapsulated Mobile IP frame CWNA Guide to Wireless LANs, Second Edition 54

Summary • A Basic Service Set (BSS) is defined as a group of wireless devices that is served by a single access point (AP) • An Extended Service Set (ESS) is comprised of two or more BSS networks that are connected through a common distribution system • An Independent Basic Service Set (IBSS) is a wireless network that does not use an access point • Frames are used by both wireless NICs and access points for communication and for managing and controlling the wireless network CWNA Guide to Wireless LANs, Second Edition 55

Summary (continued) • The MAC layer provides four major functions in WLANs: discovering the WLAN signal, joining the WLAN, transmitting on the WLAN, and remaining connected to the WLAN • Discovery is a twofold process: the AP or other wireless devices must transmit an appropriate frame (beaconing), and the wireless device must be looking for those frames (scanning) • Once a wireless device has discovered the WLAN, it requests to join the network; This is a twofold process known as authentication and association CWNA Guide to Wireless LANs, Second Edition 56

Summary (continued) • The IEEE 802. 11 standard specifies two procedures for transmitting on the WLAN, distributed coordination function (DCF) and an optional point coordination function (PCF) • The 802. 11 standard provides for an optional polling function known as Point Coordination Function (PCF) • The 802. 11 e draft defines a superset of features that is intended to provide Qo. S over WLANs CWNA Guide to Wireless LANs, Second Edition 57

Summary (continued) • Power management allows mobile devices to be off as much as possible to conserve battery life but not miss data transmissions • Mobile IP provides a mechanism within the TCP/IP protocol to support mobile computing CWNA Guide to Wireless LANs, Second Edition 58