Current Population Issues In Taiwan by Prof LanHung
Current Population Issues In Taiwan by Prof. Lan-Hung Nora Chiang Department of Geography National Taiwan University Unless noted, the course materials are licensed under Creative Commons Attribution-Non. Commercial-Share. Alike 2. 5 Taiwan (CC BY-NC-SA 2. 5) 0
Outline of Lecture n Location of Taiwan n Composition of Taiwan’s Population n Distribution of Population in Taiwan n Decline of Fertility Level – Taiwan’s ‘Success Story’ Taiwan Geographical Environment & Resouces Current Population Issues in Taiwan 1
Location of Taiwan Relation to China: n The island of Taiwan is situated across the Taiwan Strait from China. n Japanese rule (1895 to l 945). Taiwan Geographical Environment & Resouces Current Population Issues in Taiwan NTU, Lan-Hung Nora Chiang 2
The Chinese nationalist government of President Chiang Kai-shek fled to Taiwan ahead of the advance of Communists under Mao Zedong in 1949. Up to the present, and close to 60 years after the Chinese revolution and the communist seizure of power in Beijing, relations between the Mainland the island of Taiwan remain tense. Taiwan Geographical Environment & Resouces Current Population Issues in Taiwan 3
Taiwan Geographical Environment & Resouces Current Population Issues in Taiwan 4
Taiwan Geographical Environment & Resouces Current Population Issues in Taiwan 5
Composition of Taiwan’s Population Four major social groups inhabit the island n Han Chinese q q n Early migrants to Taiwan since 1720 Hoklos: about 60% of the population Hakka: about 15% of the population Mainlanders: Late migrants from 1946 and 1950 from different provinces of China Non-Han Chinese q Indigenous population: about 4% Taiwan Geographical Environment & Resouces Current Population Issues in Taiwan 6
n The population of Taiwan is represented by four main groups who differ in terms of time of arrival, size and language of use. The Taiwan indigenous population, the “aborigines” constitutes about 2 per cent of the population. The Hoklos and Hakka, who are often referred to as “native Taiwanese” are ethnic Han Chinese who were in Taiwan before 1945 and their descendants, and form about 70 per cent and 12 per cent, respectively. The fourth group consists of the “mainlanders” and their descendants, who came to Taiwan from 1946 to 1950 when the mainland fell to the communists. In order to avoid the sometimes controversial political connotations of the names associated with each of the four groups of people in Taiwan, and for the sake of simplicity, the term “Taiwanese” is used in a purely geographical sense… (jw) Taiwan Geographical Environment & Resouces Current Population Issues in Taiwan 7
Don’t forget the recent immigrants to Taiwan… n n The most recent immigrant group (Hsinyimin 新移民) consists mainly of women from Mainland China and South-East Asia who have married Taiwanese men and come to live in Taiwan. Foreign spouse amounts to over 400, 000 in 2007, a vast majority are women. The children of these marriages with foreign brides constitute 12 per cent of new births in Taiwan each year, which causes some concern for policy makers. In 2009, 18. 7% (21, 914) of married couples includes foreigners. (from Ministry of Interior) Taiwan Geographical Environment & Resouces Current Population Issues in Taiwan 8
A Remark by the Education Department on “New Sons (Children) of Taiwan” n “The new children of Taiwan (新台灣之子)” has exceeded 80, 000, and increase at 20% per year. It is estimated that in 2009, this number will exceed 150, 000. It is estimated that in 2011 (民國一百年), one out of four school students would be a 新台灣之子” Taiwan Geographical Environment & Resouces Current Population Issues in Taiwan 9
Wiki commons Albertus Do you know how many tribes there among the indigenous population, and who are they? Can you recognize the 3 Chinese dialects on the Taipei metro? Do you know the names of all the 23 counties and cities in Taiwan? What are major causes of death in Taiwan? Taiwan Geographical Environment & Resouces Current Population Issues in Taiwan 10
Or please refer to the following link for more detailed map http: //www. tiup. org. tw/new%209803 10/taiwan_map. jpg Taiwan Geographical Environment & Resouces Current Population Issues in Taiwan Wiki Commons Kater. Begemot 11
Distribution of Population in Taiwan n Types of data: Census was held every ten years, since 1905 Household registration Occasional surveys (Because of changes in the social environment, problems such as increases in survey cost, non-response rate…occur. Following the examples of Singapore, the Netherlands, and the Nordic countries, the method for conducting the 2010 Taiwan Census will be different, changing from the traditional census to a registry-based census with sampling survey. (Yen and Yue 2010) Taiwan Geographical Environment & Resouces Current Population Issues in Taiwan 12
Distribution of Population in Taiwan Factors of distribution Topography and climate Historical and political reasons Policies on regional development Taiwan Geographical Environment & Resouces Current Population Issues in Taiwan 13
Topography of Taiwan Geographical Environment & Resouces Current Population Issues in Taiwan 14
Unbalanced Growth of Four Regions in Taiwan N: About 10. 3 million S: About 6. 5 million C: About 5. 8 million E: About 0. 6 million Source: Department of Statistics, Ministry of the Interior, 2009 Yearly Population Report Wiki Burmesedays Taiwan Geographical Environment & Resouces Current Population Issues in Taiwan 15
Regional Disparity Has Widened in The Last Thirty Years, Due to Globalization n Movement of industries overseas, and rural-urban migration in rural countries result in an ageing population in rural areas. Counties with a large agricultural population has declined in income – e. g. Kaohsiung, Ilan. n Counties with high-tech industry become richer, e. g. Hsinchu, Taoyuan, Taichung, Changhua, Yunlin, and Tainan. Taiwan Geographical Environment & Resouces Current Population Issues in Taiwan 16
Decline of Fertility Level —Taiwan’s ‘Success Story ’ n n Family planning program and socio-economic changes in 1960 to 1980 lead to rapid decline of population growth. Taiwan was rated top among 95 countries by World Population Watch Foundation (U. S. ) in her success in family planning programs. Net reproduction rate (NRR) below replacement level since 1984. (The NRR represents the number of female children that a female child just born can expect to bear, taking into account her risk of dying before the end of her reproductive years) Taiwan Geographical Environment & Resouces Current Population Issues in Taiwan 17
Decline in Natural Increase Rate n n n In 1950, just after the Nationalist government restored Taiwan to Chinese sovereignty, population was 7, 500, 000. This has increased 3 -fold in 50 years. Latest Census (2000) records 23 million population. The demographic transition was completed at the turn of the century as a society with high death and birth rates changed to one with low birth and death rates. While it has taken 200 years for the western countries to complete their demographic transition, it has taken Taiwan only 70 years to do so. Taiwan Geographical Environment & Resouces Current Population Issues in Taiwan 18
Changes in Taiwan’s Birth and Death Rates Taiwan Geographical Environment & Resouces Current Population Issues in Taiwan Courtesy of Taiwan 2005 year book published by Government Information Office 19
Changes in Total Fertility Rate (TFR) n n n n 7. 04 in 1951 (highest in Taiwan’s history) 4. 00 in 1970 2. 52 in 1980 1. 81 in 1990 1. 68 in 2000 1. 23 in 2003 1. 11 in 2005 (lower than advanced western countries) 1. 1 in 2008 Source: Ministry of Interior Taiwan (2000) Taiwan Geographical Environment & Resouces Current Population Issues in Taiwan 20
Decline in Total Fertility Rate (TFR) Taiwan Geographical Environment & Resouces Current Population Issues in Taiwan Courtesy of Journal of Population Studies, No. 36, 2008 21
Total Fertility Rates of Different Countries, 2008 n n n n USA – 2. 1 France – 2. 0 Australia – 1. 9 Canada – 1. 6 Germany – 1. 3 South Korea – 1. 3 Taiwan – 1. 1 (the lowest in the world) Source: Population Reference Bureau, 2008 World Population Data Sheet Taiwan Geographical Environment & Resouces Current Population Issues in Taiwan 22
Current Problems n n The low TFR of women of marriageable age is regarded as a problem which would have repercussions on future population growth, family, and national development. Taiwan faces an ageing population. Population policies now focus on low fertility level, ageing and foreign brides (Hsinyimin新 移民). Taiwan Geographical Environment & Resouces Current Population Issues in Taiwan 23
Number of Births Is Reducing Each Year for Taiwan n There were 353, 310 births in the year 2000, when the birth rate was 13. 76 per thousand. Up to August of 2007, there are 131, 654 births, and birth rate is only 5. 75 per thousand. Number of day care centers have declined from last year. “Number of births this year is less than half of the number seven years ago” (Source: China Times, Oct. 13, 2007) Taiwan Geographical Environment & Resouces Current Population Issues in Taiwan 24
Sex Ratio n n Sex ratio of population at birth was 105, reaches 110 (100 females) in 1991, and 109. 6 in 2006. Sex ratio increases with birth order. More than 120 for the third child. Examples from other countries: Korea (108), China (112), Hong Kong (108), Macedonia (108). What about your country? Taiwan Geographical Environment & Resouces Current Population Issues in Taiwan 25
Son preference takes several forms, sometimes starting in the womb. In some places prenatal tests are used to detect female fetuses, which are then aborted. Such testing is prohibited in China, South Korea, and India, but these law are weakly enforced. Son preference reflects the combined forces of economics, culture and religion. As smaller families become the norm, evidence suggests that the pressure to have sons accelerates. Girls are widely considered to have a lower economic value than boys – a view often strengthened by marriage, dowry, and inheritance practices. (Seager 2009) Taiwan Geographical Environment & Resouces Current Population Issues in Taiwan 26
Wiki Woman. Stats Project Taiwan Geographical Environment & Resouces Current Population Issues in Taiwan 27
China n n On average, 116 boys were born for every 100 girls, though regional differences vary widely. The areas with the highest boy to girl ratios are in the southeast, where the Han people live. This skewed birth ratio is likely the result of pre-birth gender screening. Huangmei County in Hubei Province has the highest sex ratio: 193 (Source: Population Census of China, 2000) [World Population: 6. 8 billion; China population: 1. 335 billion) Taiwan Geographical Environment & Resouces Current Population Issues in Taiwan 28
Estimated Proportions of Population in Each Age Group (1981~2051) 15~64歲 0~14歲 65歲以上 31. 6% 64. 0% 4. 4% 26. 3% 67. 2% 6. 5% 19. 3% 71. 3% 9. 4% 14. 7% 73. 7% 11. 6% 12. 0% 67. 6% 20. 4% 8. 9% 55. 6% 35. 5% NTU, Lan-Hung Nora Chiang Taiwan Geographical Environment & Resouces Current Population Issues in Taiwan Data Source: CEPD & Ministry of the Interior of Taiwan, 2009 29
Percentage of Population Above 65 Years of Age (2008) n n n Japan – 22% Germany – 19% France – 17% U. S. – 13% Hong Kong – 13% Taiwan – 10% (In 2006, population aged above 65 reached 10%) n n China – 8% Singapore – 9% Source: Population Reference Bureau, 2008 World Population Data Sheet Taiwan Geographical Environment & Resouces Current Population Issues in Taiwan 30
Taiwan Population Pyramid 2010 Age Male 2060 Yr 2010 Yr 250 150 50 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 01000/people Taiwan Geographical Environment & Resouces Current Population Issues in Taiwan Female 50 150 250 Source: CEPD Taiwan MANP Report 2010 31
Questions: n n In what years were the baby-boomer born? What were the years of the dragon? (2000, 1988, 1976, 1964) Why do Taiwanese parents want to have their child born in the year of the dragon? Taiwan Geographical Environment & Resouces Current Population Issues in Taiwan 32
Assignment Look up data from Population Reference Bureau (http: //www. prb. org/)and make a table showing a comparison of ten countries, with regard to various degrees of socio-economic development. Explain why you choose such indicators. Taiwan Geographical Environment & Resouces Current Population Issues in Taiwan 33
Flickr Kaiyanwong 223 Thank you for your attention! Taiwan Geographical Environment & Resouces Current Population Issues in Taiwan 34
Copyrights Work Author/Source License NTU, Lan-Hung Nora Chiang Wiki Commons CIA Maps of China http: //commons. wikimedia. org/wiki/File: Ch-map. png#file 2011/09/23 visited Wiki Commons Avala http: //commons. wikimedia. org/wiki/File: Diplomatic_missions_of_the_People%2 7 s_Republic_of_China. PNG 2011/09/23 visited Wiki Commons Albertus http: //commons. wikimedia. org/wiki/File: Discussion_Albertus. png 2011/09/23 visited Wiki Commons Kater. Begemot http: //commons. wikimedia. org/wiki/File: Taiwan_province_roc_1. png 2011/09/23 visited This work is from National Institute for Compilation and Translationand http: //dic. nict. gov. tw/~taiwan/geography-ch 8. htm used subject to the fair use doctrine of the Taiwan Copyright Act Article 50 by GET This work is from Government Information Office, ROC http: //www. gio. gov. tw/taiwan-website/5 gp/yearbook/2009/ch 01. html#Taiwan. Proper and subject to the fair use doctrine of the Taiwan Copyright Act Article 50 by GET Taiwan Geographical Environment & Resouces Current Population Issues in Taiwan 35
Copyrights Work Author/Source License Wiki. Travels Burmesedays http: //wikitravel. org/shared/Image: Taiwan_Regions_Map. png 2011/09/26 visited This work is from Taiwan 2005 year book published by Government Information Office http: //www. gio. gov. tw/taiwan-website/5 gp/yearbook/2005/p 028. html#1 and used subject to the fair use doctrine of the Taiwan Copyright Act Article 50 by GET This work is from Journal of Population Studies, No. 36, 2008 and used subject to the fair use doctrine of the Taiwan Copyright Act Articles 52 & 65 by GET Wiki Commons Woman. Stats Project http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/File: Map 3. 2 Son. Preference_compressed. jpg 2011/09/26 visited NTU, Lan-Hung Nora Chiang This work is from CEPD Taiwan MANP Report 2010 p. 25 http: //www. cepd. gov. tw/dn. aspx? uid=8971 subject to the fair use doctrine of the Taiwan Copyright Act Article 50 by GET Taiwan Geographical Environment & Resouces Current Population Issues in Taiwan 36
Copyrights Work Author/Source License Flickr Kaiyanwong 223 http: //www. flickr. com/photos/33623636@N 08/5424148683/sizes/m/in/ph otostream/ 12/02/2011 visited Taiwan Geographical Environment & Resouces Current Population Issues in Taiwan 37
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