Curiosity Creativity and Commitment Graziano and Raulin Research

Psychology and Research Scientific study of behavior and the factors that influence behavior n

Science n Defined by its way of thinking – Not defined by its technology

Scientists Endless curiosity n Pervasive skepticism n – Challenging old ideas – Proposing new

Science and Art n Often thought of as polar opposites – Science as precise

Acquiring Knowledge n n n Tenacity: “It has always been that way. ” Intuition:

Rationalism n Using reason (logic) to derive new knowledge from old knowledge – Reliable

Empiricism n Naïve Empiricism – Literally need to see it to believe it –

Science n Rationalism n – To derive theories from existing observations – To derive

History of Science developed over thousands of years n Combination of rationalism and empiricism

Early Civilization n Early civilizations developed practical skills – Passed from generation to generation

Greek Science n Greeks contributed much to science – Thales was one of the

Medieval Science n Research in the service of religion – To demonstrate the hand

The Scientific Revolution n Based on – Rediscovery of earlier scholarship – New discoveries

Modern Science n Vast enterprise – Supported by governments – Valuable to society –

History of Psychology n Influenced by other sciences (e. g. , philosophy, biology, physics,

Early perspectives n Structuralism – Understand the structure behind human consciousness – Wundt and

Other Perspectives Gestalt Psychology (focused on perception) n Behaviorism (focused on learning principles) n

Women in Psychology n n Women were not allowed to earn advanced degrees until

Women’s Achievements n n n Mary Whiton Calkins was first female president of the

Minorities in Psychology n Between 1920 and 1966 – Only 0. 2% of the

Modern Psychology n Vast enterprise – – n Thousands of undergraduate training programs Hundreds

Science of Psychology n n Defined as the systematic, objective study of human behavior

Ethical Principles Research ethics is an integral part of modern science, including psychology n

Student Resource Website www. ablongman. com/graziano 7 e n Fully integrated with the textbook

Steps to Find a Resource 1. 2. 3. 4. Open and log into textbook

Opening Screen Textbook Website Although these website slides show the sixth edition, the seventh

Opening Screen Student Resource Website Copyright © Allyn & Bacon (2010)

Select Chapter Resources n n Clicking on Chapter Resources will give you this screen.

Select Chapter Number n n Clicking on a chapter number will give you an

Select Resource Wanted n n Clicking on any of the resource links for that

Explore the Website Select items from Table of Contents on the left side of

Items to Explore Chapter Resources n Study Resources n – Study Guide/Lab Manual –

Tutorials APA Style (writing research reports) n Library Research n Statistical Analyses n Using

How to Learn People learn best by doing (active learning) n Website is very

SPSS for Windows Can be bundled with the text n Does a large variety

Summary n n n Science is a way of thinking Many ways to gain

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Curiosity, Creativity, and Commitment Graziano and Raulin Research Methods: Chapter 1 This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The following are prohibited by law: (1) Any public performance or display, including transmission of any image over a network; (2) Preparation of any derivative work, including the extraction, in whole or in part, of any images; (3) Any rental, lease, or lending of the program. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon (2010)

Psychology and Research Scientific study of behavior and the factors that influence behavior n Subject matter is everywhere n – We wonder about behavior all the time – Psychologist simply do it for a living n How to answer such questions is the focus of the course Copyright © Allyn & Bacon (2010)

Science n Defined by its way of thinking – Not defined by its technology or its accomplishments n Scientists ask questions – You can ask questions about anything – Scientists must tolerate uncertainty, because some questions cannot be easily or quickly answered Copyright © Allyn & Bacon (2010)

Scientists Endless curiosity n Pervasive skepticism n – Challenging old ideas – Proposing new idea – Sometimes upsetting authorities n Prepared minds – Recognizing interesting phenomena Copyright © Allyn & Bacon (2010)

Science and Art n Often thought of as polar opposites – Science as precise and constrained – Art as free flowing and creative – This dichotomy is false n n Scientists and artists share a creative drive to understand represent reality Creative people are often gifted in both science and art (e. g. , Leonardo da Vinci) Copyright © Allyn & Bacon (2010)

Acquiring Knowledge n n n Tenacity: “It has always been that way. ” Intuition: “It feels true. ” Authority: “The boss says it is true. ” Rationalism: “It makes sense logically. ” Empiricism: “I observed it to be true. ” Science: A combination of rationalism and empiricism Copyright © Allyn & Bacon (2010)

Rationalism n Using reason (logic) to derive new knowledge from old knowledge – Reliable conclusions can be derived from established facts if one uses logic n Limitation – By itself, rationalism has no way of verifying the accuracy of the facts Copyright © Allyn & Bacon (2010)

Empiricism n Naïve Empiricism – Literally need to see it to believe it – Severely limits what could be studied, because many interesting things cannot be directly observed (e. g. , gravity) n Sophisticated Empiricism – Allows one to study both n n things you can see other things that produce effects that you can seen – Accepts indirect evidence Copyright © Allyn & Bacon (2010)

Science n Rationalism n – To derive theories from existing observations – To derive predictions from theories to test empirically Empiricism – To provide the initial facts on which theories might rest – To test the predictions from theories by seeing if they are accurate Copyright © Allyn & Bacon (2010)

History of Science developed over thousands of years n Combination of rationalism and empiricism n – Sometimes empiricism dominated – Sometimes rationalism dominated – Eventually they were combined into science as we know it Copyright © Allyn & Bacon (2010)

Early Civilization n Early civilizations developed practical skills – Passed from generation to generation Focus was on the practical, rather than the abstract principles n Orderliness belief: The universe behaves in an orderly, lawful manner n Copyright © Allyn & Bacon (2010)

Greek Science n Greeks contributed much to science – Thales was one of the first to combine rationalism and empiricism – Strato introduced experimentation – Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle moved away from empiricism to an emphasis on rationalism as a way to understand what they believed was a mystical universe Copyright © Allyn & Bacon (2010)

Medieval Science n Research in the service of religion – To demonstrate the hand of God n Some religious scholars encouraged research – Thomas Aquinas & Roger Bacon Science eventually becoming a tool in the “service of humanity” n But science and religion clashed n Copyright © Allyn & Bacon (2010)

The Scientific Revolution n Based on – Rediscovery of earlier scholarship – New discoveries with immediate benefits The new universities nourish science and research n Increased scientific understanding fueled technological development n Copyright © Allyn & Bacon (2010)

Modern Science n Vast enterprise – Supported by governments – Valuable to society – Tremendous growth in the last century n Remarkable new discoveries – Which led to new technologies – Which led to more discoveries Copyright © Allyn & Bacon (2010)

History of Psychology n Influenced by other sciences (e. g. , philosophy, biology, physics, etc. ) n Also influenced by Romanticism (idea of humanitarian reform) n Heavily influenced by Darwin – Concept of phylogenic continuity (similarity of function and structure in humans and animals) n First psychology lab: Wundt in 1879 Copyright © Allyn & Bacon (2010)

Early perspectives n Structuralism – Understand the structure behind human consciousness – Wundt and his student (primarily in Europe) n Functionalism – Understand the function and practical applications of human behavior – Primarily and American perspective on psychology Copyright © Allyn & Bacon (2010)

Other Perspectives Gestalt Psychology (focused on perception) n Behaviorism (focused on learning principles) n Psychoanalysis (focused on internal dynamics n and unconscious processes) n Humanistic psychology (focused on the uniqueness of the human being) Copyright © Allyn & Bacon (2010)

Women in Psychology n n Women were not allowed to earn advanced degrees until well into the 20 th Century Belief that – women were not smart enough – or were unsuited for professional careers n n Even when they earned degrees, they could not get academic positions Nevertheless, women made significant contributions Copyright © Allyn & Bacon (2010)

Women’s Achievements n n n Mary Whiton Calkins was first female president of the APA Margaret Floy Washburn was first female to earn a Ph. D. in psychology Helen Thompson Wooley found that the presumed sex differences did not exist Copyright © Allyn & Bacon (2010)

Minorities in Psychology n Between 1920 and 1966 – Only 0. 2% of the Ph. D. s from the most prestigious universities went to African Americans n Early pioneers paved the way for others – Francis Cecil Sumner was the first African American to earn a Ph. D. in psychology – Kenneth and Mamie Phipps Clark conducted landmark research on racial identity in black children Copyright © Allyn & Bacon (2010)

Modern Psychology n Vast enterprise – – n Thousands of undergraduate training programs Hundreds of graduate training programs Dozens of subdisciplines (many interdisciplinary) Women now outnumber men in grad school and minority groups are now well represented Dozens of specialized organizations, some with tens of thousands of members Copyright © Allyn & Bacon (2010)

Science of Psychology n n Defined as the systematic, objective study of human behavior Unfortunately, many pseudoscientific ideas masquerade as scientific psychology – Often producing great harm, even though the motives of their proponents are often benevolent – Only solid theories can withstand the rigors of scientific scrutiny Copyright © Allyn & Bacon (2010)

Ethical Principles Research ethics is an integral part of modern science, including psychology n All psychologists should n – Understand ethical obligations – Respect those obligations – Carry out research in an ethical manner n Will cover ethics in every chapter Copyright © Allyn & Bacon (2010)

Steps to Find a Resource 1. 2. 3. 4. Open and log into textbook website Select Chapter Resources from the Table of Contents on the left side of the screen Select chapter number and then select the item Or use the index or Table of Contents to find available resources Copyright © Allyn & Bacon (2010)

Explore the Website Select items from Table of Contents on the left side of the screen n See what they are and what they offer n Select other items n Follow the links to see where they go n Copyright © Allyn & Bacon (2010)

Tutorials APA Style (writing research reports) n Library Research n Statistical Analyses n Using web browser programs n Statistical flowcharts (Appendix D) n Research Design Checklist (Appendix E) n Copyright © Allyn & Bacon (2010)

How to Learn People learn best by doing (active learning) n Website is very “hands on” n – Study Guide provides active feedback – Lab Manual has you doing research activities – Most tutorials include animations to show you how things are done Copyright © Allyn & Bacon (2010)

SPSS for Windows Can be bundled with the text n Does a large variety of statistical analyses easily and quickly n Website provides instructions on how to use this package, complete with animations n Copyright © Allyn & Bacon (2010)

Summary n n n Science is a way of thinking Many ways to gain knowledge, science being one of them Science combines rationalism and empiricism Science has a long history built originally on the practical values of empiricism Modern science is a huge social enterprise Copyright © Allyn & Bacon (2010)