CULTURE GuleNayab Definition culture is a social heredity

CULTURE Gul-e-Nayab

Definition culture is a social heredity which is transmitted from one generation to other with accumulation of individual experiences. the

culture Culture is a system of knowledge shared by a relative large group of people Culture is a collective programming of the mind that distinguishes the members of one group or category of people from others

Material Culture Material culture consists of man made objects such as foods, furniture, buildings, dams, roads, bridges and in fact substance, which has been changed and used by man. It is referred to as “Civilization”.

Non-Material Culture The word “Culture” when used in ordinary sense, means “non-material culture”. Non-material culture consists of the words of people used, the language they speak, the beliefs they hold, values and virtues they cherish, habits they follows, rituals and practices that they do and the ceremonies they observe. It also includes tastes, acting and feeling. customs and

Folkways are the typical or habitual beliefs, attitudes and styles of conduct observed with in a group or community. These are the ways of life of folk or the ways of life in a society. For example, Assalam-o. Alaikum and responding Wa-alaikum-assalm, Shaking hands and embracing while meeting , saying Khuda Hafiz etc are known as Folkways.

Mores “When folkways have added to conceptions of group welfare, standards of right and wrong, they are converted into mores”. In simple words, we can say that when the folkways clearly represent the group standards, the group sense of what is fitting right and conducive to well being then they become mores.

Mores All various forms of social norms are instruments of social control in varying degrees. The social usages, folkways regulating our behaviours are called Mores is the plural of ‘More’ which means ‘Custom’. For example, Sanctity of mosque and other sacred beliefs and practices, Nikah Ceremonies, Namaz Janaza and its burial, students of attend classes regularly, respect to the parents etc.

Laws Law is an engine of social control. It is the formal social norm. It is written custom and a part of law books. Those acts for which their violation and punishment has been defined are called laws. Law is the product of society according to the social condition of life.

Laws Law is never stagnant. It is flexible and adjusting. Killing of man, looking his property or dishonoring him are the violation of law hence crime. Theft, dacoity, murder, robbery, drinking etc are the crimes and violation of laws.

Beliefs Beliefs are the ideas , viewpoints and attitudes of the particular group of society. They are consists of myths, folklore , traditions, superstition, education and etc, that influence the ideas, values, emotions, perceptions and attitude of the members of the society. The common example of this term is the usage of religious belief

Sanctions A sanction is a reward or punishment that a norm associates with a behavior or appearance. Examples: People who work hard at their job are rewarded with a salary while those who work poorly or don’t show up for work will likely be punished.

When our actions meet normative expectations or conform to wider expectations, we are generally rewarded (or subject to a positive sanction); failure to meet such expectations leads to punishment (punishing the various forms of deviance) known as negative sanction.

Cultural Relativism Famous Sociologists Horton and Hunt say that by cultural relativism we means that “the function and meaning of a trait are relative to its cultural settings. ” A trait is neither good nor bad but it is good or bad only with reference to the culture in which it functions. The rite of Sati in Hindus and custom of Polyandry in Tibetans are its examples.

Cultural Relativism From the above discussion, we conclude that some things are rights and good in one culture as they are fitted into it and other things are wrong and bad in that culture because they have little setting with that culture. Another example, shaking of hand in Pakistan only to the same gender is appreciated.

Ethnocentrism “Ethnocentrism means that view of things in which one’s own group is the centre of everything and all others are scaled and rated with reference to it. ” It means that every culture considers itself superior to other cultures. e. g the Americans think of themselves as the “Progressive”. The Arab calls themselves hospitable etc, this sense of pride or superiority up on others is called Ethnocentrism.

Social Status Social status refers to “the Position occupied by a Person, family or Kinship group in a social system relative to others. This determines rights, duties and other behaviours including the nature and extent of the relationship with persons of other statuses.

Social Role A role is the function of the status. A social role is the expected behaviour associated with a Social Position/Status. So Role is the Performance of individual’s Status enjoyed by him.

Social Values “Values are general standards and may be regarded as higher order norms. Values are cultural products as standards which men living in Society win as prizes as having high importance. Thus value is a goal and objective. Example: Values differ from culture to culture e. g tenets of Islam are a great value for Pakistani Society, while industrialization for Americans. According to our culture, a few of our national values are, Faith in Islam, safety of life, honor and property of the nation, Honor to national flag and Anthem etc.

Conflict is the social process in which individuals or groups seek their ends by directly challenging the antagonist by violence or threat of violence. Conflict is a process or situation in which two or more human beings or groups seeks actively to threat each other’s purposes, to prevent each other’s interests, even to the extent of injuring or destroying the other.

Conflict Examples: � Fighting, killing, beating and quarreling are every where found in all social circles. � Litigation on disputes is commonly found in courts. � In rural areas, two farmers get into conflict on disputes of water channel, on division of land crops etc.

Deviancy Deviance is violation of norms. Deviance is breaking the norms of society. Deviancy is the breaking social manners, social code of conduct in business and mutual agreements between the parties. So, any violation of norm is deviance.

Deviancy It is natural that man deviates from norms, because hundred percent control on behaviour of man is impossible. In short, any failure to conform to customary norms is called Deviance. The behaviour belonging to Deviance is called deviant behaviour.

Social Control Deviance needs to be controlled specially the serious offences like murder, abduction, dacoity, robbery, terrorism, theft and women dishonor etc. Minor crimes also require to be control. Social customs, rituals, ceremonies and good manners when broken, creates disturbance in social life.

Social Control on this violation is also an aim of society. So social control may be defined as, “Social Control refers to various means by which a group or society attempts to achieve social order”. OR “All means and methods used to induce a person to conform to expectations of a group or society is called social control. There are mainly two types of social control (1) Formal Control and (2) Informal Control.

Social Control Formal Control includes laws, legislation, military forces, police force, administrative devices etc. Informal Social Control includes gossip, resentment, public opinion, sympathy, sense of justice, folkways, mores, customs, religion, morality etc.

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