CULTURE BREED CATTLE Dairy cattle Dual purpose cattle

CULTURE - BREED CATTLE Ø Dairy cattle Ø Dual purpose cattle Ø Beef cattle

Dairy Cattle Breeds They are characterized by a lean, angular form and a well-developed mammary system. Their type is especially adapted to convert efficiently feed into the maximum of high quality milk. Dairy cows are homeotherms like most farm animals. They are ruminants Dairy cattle are adaptable to many types of housing. They are capable of efficient production within a wide range of temperatures, but the optimum temperature is between 45 and 75°F. • Extremely warm (above 85°F) and cold (below 10°F) temperatures and high humidities (above 75%) tend to reduce the efficiency of production. • •

Ideal Dairy Quality Dairy character is best indicated by a clean-cut, spare, open conformation and a strong, refined appearance, with freedom from coarseness and excess flesh throughout. ü The head should be clean-cut and should possess plenty of character, ü The neck should be long and thin and should blend smoothy, ü The withers sharp, angular, and well-defined, ü The vertebrae of the spine open, prominent, and clean-cut, ü The rib bones flat, wide, long, and far apart to give openness of body, ü The hooks or hips very prominent, sharp, and well-defined, ü The pins sharp; and ü The thighs thin and incurving.

Holstein • The Holstein breed was developed in the northern part of the Netherlands. • These cattle have been known for their large size and high yield of milk. • Organizations for the registration of Holstein cattle were formed in Netherlands, in 1879. • The first importations into the Turkey were made in 1958. • The Holstein are the largest of the dairy breeds in size and produce large quantities of milk containing a low percentage of butterfat.

• The color pattern is varying proportions of black and white, with markings being clearly defined. • There were some red and white animals in the early history of the breed. • Birth weight; 40 kg. • Live weight of mature cow; 600 -700 kg, bulls; 1000 kg. • Wither height (mature cow); 140 -145 cm.

Jersey • The Jersey breed was developed on the Island of Jersey, the largest of the Channel Islands. • In 1789 a law was passed which prohibited the importation of cattle onto the island except for immediate slaughter. • Production testing was started in 1912. • Animals of this breed apparently do much better under southern temperatures than many of the other breeds. • The first Jerseys were imported into the Turkey in 1958 from US. • The Jersey is the smallest of the dairy breeds and will produce smaller amounts of milk of a higher butterfat and higher protein content.

• Jersey is a small, refined, uniform, and efficient cow, which produces high milk. • Colors include various shades of fawn, either with or without white markings. • A wide, well-balanced head, with a marked dish and prominent eye.

• Jerseys are very nervous and react quickly to both good and bad treatment. • They are excellent grazers even on poor pasture. • Birth weight; nearly 25 kg. • Weighs (a mature cow); about 350 -400 kg, (bull); 700 kg. • Wither height (mature cow); 120 cm. • Matures early. • Jersey milk averages about 5. 3 per cent butterfat and is rich in color.

Dual Purpose Breeds These cattle represent an attempt to obtain as much beef conformation as possible and at the same time considerable milk-producing capacity and also in the production of both meat and milk.

Brown Swiss • The breed origin is Switzerland (particularly eastern part of the country). • The breed registry organization ‘’The Brown Swiss cattle Breeders’’ Association, was the first dairy breed association in the US in 1897. • They produced a 4 percent milk around 5500 kg at first yield records. • Strong and vigorous, but not coarse.

• Brown Swiss cattle are quite different from other dairy breeds in color and conformation. • Color varies from a silver or very light to dark Brown. • The nose and tongue are black and a light colored band extends around the nose.

• • Calves are light in color at birth, but become darker with age. The calves average around 40 kg at birth. Live weight – mature bull; about 1000 kg, mature cow; 600 -650 kg. Wither height – mature cow (mean); 135 cm. Heifers are slower in maturing than Holstein heifers. Milk yield; 6 -7 ton in European countries, nearly 5 ton in Turkey. Fat ratio in milk; 4. 2 %, protein; 3. 6 %. Average daily weigth gain; 1200 g (for fattening).

Simmental • The breed origin is Switzerland (from Simmen valley) • Rank in second (50 million) • Adaptation ability. • The breed registry organization, was the first in the Switzerland in 1806. • Fleckvieh in Germany, Montbeliarde in France, Pezzata Rosa in Italy • The breed was imported into the Turkey in 1925. – – Live weight of mature cow; 700 kg, wither height; 140 cm, Live weight of mature bull; 1200 kg, wither height; 155 cm. Lactation milk yield (mean); fat - 4. 0 %; 5000 -7000 kg. Birth weight; 40 kg.

Beef Cattle Breeds General Characteristics; These animals are characterized by great width and depth of body and short legs. Their primary purpose is to convert efficiently feed into the maximum of high quality meat for human consumption. Milk yield is low (600 -1000 kg). Dressing percentage is very high (65 -70%).

Aberdeen Angus • The native home of the Aberdeen Angus breed is in North-eastern Scotland. • Aberdeen Angus cattle are distinguished from other breeds by their black color and polled character (hornless breed). The body; cylindrical, compact, broad, deep, smooth, and heavily muscled throughout. • • Aberdeen Angus mature at an early age. Birth weight; 30 kg. Average daily weight gain; to 1500 g. Dressing percentage; 65 -70 %.

Hereford - Herefords are easily recognized by the ever-present white face, the distinct trademark of the breed. - The Hereford breed originated in England. - The Hereford color is distinctive. The body color varies from a medium to a rich red, and the face color is white. The white color is also found on the underline, flank, crest, switch, breast, and below the knees and hock.

• Hereford mature at an early age (16 months). Live weight; 600 kg (mature cows), 1000 kg (mature bulls). Birth weight; nearly 35 kg. Average daily weight gain; to 1500 g. Live weight; 500 -600 kg in 400 days old. Dressing percentage; 65 -70 %.

• • Shorthorn cattle, being one of the oldest of the beef breeds and the first breed of cattle to have a breed registry association. Shorthorn cattle originated in Northeastern England. The breed has a wide range in color. They are may be red, white, or any combination of red and white. The horns are rather short, refined, and incurving. Birth weight; 32 kg. Mature cows; 600 -800 kg, bulls; 1000 kg. In size, Shorthorns are the largest of the beef breeds. Meat production and quality are high.

SHORTHORN

SHORTHORN

Limousine • • • Limousine cattle originated in France. Color is golden brown (chestnut). Live weight in mature cows; 700 kg, bulls; 1000 -1200 kg. Birth weight; 35 kg. Average daily weight gain; 1200 -1500 g. Dressing percentage; 60 -65 %.

Other Beef Cattle Breeds Charolais • • • Originated in the province of Charolles in Central France. Color; white to cream. Mature cows; 800 -900 kg, bulls; 1200 -1250 kg. Birth weight; 45 kg. Average daily weight gain; 1400 g (for intensive fattening).

Santa Gertrudis; was developed in Texas by mating Shorthorn cows to Brahman bulls of several breeds (including Nellore, Krishna Valley, Guzerat, and Ghur). Representing five-eigths Shorthorn and three-eighths Brahman. Red or cherry-red color. Brangus; is the result of a 3/8 Brahman x 5/8 Aberdeen Angus cross.

Belgian Blue • • Double-muscling Mature bulls; 1250 kg, cows; 850 kg. Chianina • • Color; White. Bulls; to 1800 kg, cows; to 1000 kg.

Piedmont • Double-muscling Highland

Galloway; originated in the province of Galloway, in Southwestern Scotland. The hair is long and curly. Beefmaster

Chianina X Jersey F 1

Limousin X Jersey F 1

Simmental X Jersey F 1

Brangus X Jersey F 1

Belgian Blue X Jersey F 1

Chianina X J F 1 / Jersey / Belgian Blue X J F 1