Cultural Patterns and Processes UNIT 3 Cultural Geography

Cultural Patterns and Processes UNIT 3

Cultural Geography Study of Lifestyle Creations Relationship ○ Earth, supernatural, and each other

Cultural Geography What is important? What is created What places are emphasized What is cared for / care about Understand Different places = Different beliefs

Culture Two subcategories Material Nonmaterial

Material Tangible Artifacts Clothing Architecture Money

Non Material Thoughts and Ideas Religion Morals Philosophies Language Economies Government

Pop vs Folk Culture Modern Culture vs Traditional Culture Pop Culture Western (American / European) Carried by new Medias and technologies Creates a homogenous cultural landscape Changes little over space but greatly over time

Pop vs Folk Culture Traditional Cultures Spread by relocation diffusion / word of mouth Creates heterogeneous landscapes Varies greatly across space but little over time Greatly impacted by the environment

Cultural Patterns and Processes UNIT 3

Cultural Patterns and Processes UNIT 3

Cultural Landscape Carl Sauer People will always leave an impact on their environment

Sequent Occupance Different people inhabit the same space Leave different marks

How Does Environment Effect Development? Environmental Determinism Possibilism Cultural Determinism

Environmental Determinism Environment determines behavior People cannot overcome environmental barriers Development is limited by environment

Possibilism Counter to Environmental Determinism People make decisions Limited by environment Decisions made within parameters

Cultural Determinism No restraints Except what humans place on themselves Based on cultural restraints Humans shape their environment Lack of desire

Cultural Determinism Technology Necessary

Parts of Culture Cultural Trait Single Attribute Put several traits together Creates Cultural Complex

Parts of Culture Cultural System Several cultural complexes Share cultural traits

Cultural Hearths Beginnings / Origins Inventions / Innovations Similar innovations across the globe

Cultural Hearths Andean America Mesoamerica West Africa Nile River Valley Mesopotamia Indus River Valley Ganges River Valley Wei and Huang He Rivers

Cultural Regions / Realms Culture identified by their regions Regions with similar cultures Regional Identity Attachment is created

Cultural Regions Creates perceptual regions Based on attachment

Cultural Realm Geographic Realm Cultural Regions Grouped together 10 (or 12…) Anglo-American, Latin American, European Islamic (N Africa / SW Asia), Sub Saharan Africa Slavic (E Europe, Russia), Sino- Japanese SE Asian, Indic, Austral-European, Insular Oceanic

Cultural Diffusion Spread of culture Space and time

Cultural Diffusion Expansion and Relocation Expansion Stimulus Contagious Hierarchical

Cultural Diffusion Expansion Spreads and remains strong Stimulus Idea spreads Adapted

Cultural Diffusion Contagious People near the node / center Hierarchical Ideas, information, cultural traits Starts with person of importance ○ Spreads with importance

Cultural Diffusion Relocation Involves actual movement. From hearth to new place

Cultural Diffusion Migrant Diffusion Relocation Diffusion Moves, and disappears

Diffusion of New England House Types Fig. 4 -10: Four main New England house types of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries diffused westward as settlers migrated.

Cultural Patterns and Processes UNIT 3

Cultural Patterns and Processes UNIT 3

Cultural Diffusion Two or more cultures One may adopt the other Cultural Convergence One will dominate Weaker adopts stronger Acculturation

Cultural Diffusion Acculturation Assimilation ○ Weaker traits are erased and replaced

English Speaking Countries Fig. 5 -1: English is the official language in 42 countries, including some in which it is not the most widely spoken language. It is also used and understood in many others.

Cultural Diffusion Transculturation Two cultures meet Neither dominates Side by side ○ Exchange characteristics Neither assimilation nor acculturation

Cultural Diffusion S Curves In the beginning ○ Innovators, adapters More begin to pick up Even more / faster ○ Majority adapters Last Stage ○ Flattens out ○ No more adopters ○ Late Adapters / laggards

Cultural Diffusion S Curve Will never reach 100%

Cultural Patterns and Processes UNIT 3

Cultural Patterns and Processes UNIT 3

Cultural Identities and Landscapes Language and Religion Common to everyone Language Evolving / Developing

Language Divergence Forms of the original As new experience occur

Indo-European Language Family Fig. 5 -5: The main branches of the Indo-European language family include Germanic, Romance, Balto-Slavic, and Indo-Iranian.

Germanic Branch of Indo-European Fig. 5 -6: The Germanic branch today is divided into North and West Germanic groups. English is in the West Germanic group.

Romance Branch of Indo-European Fig. 5 -8: The Romance branch includes three of the world’s 12 most widely spoken languages (Spanish, French, and Portuguese), as well as a number of smaller languages and dialects.

South Asian Languages and Language Families Fig. 5 -7: Indo-European is the largest of four main language families in South Asia. The country of India has 18 official languages.

Language Replacement Different language contact Stronger overtakes weaker Language extinction Language disappears

Language Related languages Reverse reconstruction Where do words come from? Similar word Diffused from similar location

Language 19 / 20 Language Families Indo-European Proto-Indo-European English European Languages

Languages Language Diffusion English Proto-Indo European Conquest vs Agriculture

Language Diffusion Conquest Kurgan Culture Russia Spreads through Conquest Marija Gimbutas

Language Diffusion Agricultural Anatolian Farming Community ○ Danube River Peaceful means Agricultural technology spreads Dominate others with technology Colin Renfrew

Multi Lingual States 1 Country Multiple languages No mono-lingual Isolation Difficult / impossible

Official Languages Government Legal Proceedings Spoken by the majority

Standard Language Correct “form” of language Schools British Received Pronunciation English High German

Lingua Franca 1 language Improve communication Swahili = Eastern Africa English = International Community

Pidgin Simplified language From dominate language

Creole Pidgin Primary language

Cultural Patterns and Processes UNIT 3

Cultural Patterns and Processes UNIT 3

Religion is a set of beliefs and activities that are created to help humans celebrate and understand their place in the world Right / Wrong Good / Bad Outsiders Structure Society Money Purpose

Religion Two Types Universalizing Ethnic

Universalizing Religion Appeal to all people Universal Seek Converts Anyone can join

Ethnic Religion Appeal to one group Not for everyone

World Population by Religion Fig. 6 -1 a: Over two-thirds of the world’s population belong to Christianity, Islam, Hinduism, or Buddhism. Christianity is the single largest world religion.

Religion Monotheistic One Polytheistic Many / More than One Pantheism Everything is god / god is everything

Religion Most Universalizing Branches, Denominations, Sects

Branches Large Divisions Protestantism Catholicism Eastern Orthodox

Denominations Divisions in a Branch Protestants ○ Baptist ○ Methodist ○ Episcopalian ○ Presbyterian

Sect Division in a Denomination ARP PCA PCUSA

Universalizing Religions Buddhism Christianity Islam Sikhism

Buddhism From Hinduism Northern India Siddhartha Gautama Teachings Buddha and others From India To China, Koreas, Japan, SE Asia Silk Road

Buddhism Goal Nirvana ○ Eternal release Through Understanding ○ Between yourself and the world you live in

Buddhism Branches Theravada, Mahayana, Lamaism, Zen Buddhism

Theravada Buddhism SE Asia Monks / Nuns Strict Followers

Mahayana Buddhism Big Vehicle Korea, Vietnam, Japan, China Mediate, Pray Become Buddha

Lamaism Buddha is reborn Dali Lama ○ Political Leader Tibet ○ China

Zen Buddhism Japan Create Harmony with the world Meditation

Pagoda/ Stupa Cultural Landscape

Christianity 30 AD Jesus Messiah of Old Testament Semitic Hearth Palestine

Christianity Bible Holy Book All teachings Divinely Inspired

Christianity Diffusion At first…. Constantine Theodosius ○ 312 AD 15 th – 17 th Century ○ Europeans ○ Conquest

Christianity Diffusion Spanish British French

Christianity 3 Branches Catholic Church Protestantism Eastern Orthodox

Catholicism Western Europe South / North America First Church

Protestantism Western Europe Germanic Nations / England North America Split from Catholic Church Protestant Reformation

Eastern Orthodox Eastern Europe / Russia Split from Catholic Church Use of icons

Eastern Orthodox

Structures Catholic Church / Cathedrals Ornate Arches Show grandeur of Church / God High Reaching Crucifix ○ With Jesus

Milan Cathedral

Structures Protestant Churches Plain Multipurpose Functional Empty Cross ○ Resurrection

Structures Eastern Orthodox Domes Eastern Cross No “Icons”

Islam Saudi Arabia Mecca Muhammad 2 nd Largest Fastest Growing

Islam Koran Holy Book Divine Revelation Recitation

Islam Diffusion Military Conquest ○ Arabian Peninsula ○ North Africa ○ Near East Turkey Iraq Iran

Islam Branches Sunni Shia Divide over leadership

Sunni Anyone Good Muslim Chosen by community Largest Group

Shia / Shiite Muhammad’s line Descendent of Ali Cousin of Muhammad

Islam Mosque Muslim place of worship Not a sacred place No human depiction ○ Idol worship

The Great Mosque in Timbuktu, Mali

Banten Mosque, Indonesia

Islam Ethnic Tensions With Jewish Important holy places

Sikhism 22 million Northern India Syncretic Blends Religions Islam / Hinduism Founder Guru Nanak

Sikhism Monotheistic Guru Granth Sahib Holy Book Golden Temple Amritsar, India

Cultural Patterns and Processes UNIT 3

Cultural Patterns and Processes UNIT 3

Ethnic Religions Older Do no seek Converts One group Judaism / Hinduism

Hinduism Indo-Gangetic Hearth Parent religion Buddhism No one founder

Hinduism Vedas Collection of writing Has not spread Converts

Hinduism No branches Many ways Polytheistic Thousands of gods Monotheistic ○ Multiple manifestations of the same

Hinduism Cultural Impact Cows / Animals Temples / Shrines Treat others well ○ Reincarnation ○ Karma Caste System Sacred Rivers ○ Ganges

Judaism 2000 BC Semitic Hearth Jewish / Hebrew people Abraham ○ Christianity ○ Islam

Judaism Holy Books Torah ○ Books of Moses / law ○ First 5 Books of the Bible Talmud ○ Traditions

Judaism Do not spread faith God’s chosen people Not many practitioners Not only religion Ethnicity Political State

Judaism Diaspora Only reason for spread Scattered ○ Roman Empire

Judaism 3 Branches Orthodox Conservative Reform

Judaism Orthodox Judaism Traditions

Judaism Conservative Judaism Reconciles Orthodox and Reform Moderate

Judaism Reform Judaism Modernized Judaism “Liberal”

Judaism Synagogue Place of worship Not a “church” Place of discussion Temple Ark Contain scriptures

Judaism Western Wall (“Wailing Wall”) Remains of Solomon’s Temple

East Asian Ethnic Religions Shintoism Buddhism Local religions Kami

Taoism / Daoism Laozi Live in harmony Feng Shui

Confucianism Confucius Kung-fu-tzu Morality Chinese Tradition 5 Basic Relationships

Shamanism Tribal Beliefs Shaman ○ Religious Leader / Healer Africa, South America, North America (American Indian)

Aminism Natural Objects All have spirits Cultural Landscape Reverence for natural world

Religion and Government Historically Speaking Theocracy ○ Government Controlled by reliigion ○ Religious Class Religious Law Iran

Religion and Government Secularism Separation btwn religion and everything else Modern Rejection Indifference

Religion and Conflict Right v Wrong Who is right? Who is stronger?

Religion and Conflict Interfaith Boundary Intrafaith Boundary

Place Names Toponym Tells us…

Place Names Place names in the United States http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Toponymy

Cultural Patterns and Processes UNIT 3

Cultural Patterns and Processes UNIT 3

Identification How does one “identify” themselves Ethnicity Race Gender Does it inform…. ○ My role in society ○ How I behave ○ Who I interact with ○ My profession ○ My income

Ethnicity Set of Rules Actual or perceived shared traits ○ Language ○ History ○ Religion ○ Nationality Difficult today…

Ethnicity Eastern Europe National Boundaries ○ Created based on Ethnicity

Ethnicity Scotland Catalonia Basque Quebec

Ethnicity Minority group Ethnic Groupings

Ghettos Forced space

Ethnic Enclave Surrounded by others Not always forced space Ghetto can be an ethnic enclave

Ethnic Neighborhood Groups congregate

Ethnic Neighborhoods Why do they move there? Were they forced? Chain migration

Race Used to classify Easier to define Outward appearance Skin Color Physical Appearance Used to create divisions

Gender Identification Men and Women Roles Differ Negative Experiences

Gender Women lag Employment ○ Pay ○ Position Glass Ceiling Politics Society ○ Voting ○ Legal Rights Own property ○ Education

Gender Gaps Disparities btwn men and women

Gender Social Problems Maternal Mortality Rates Female Infanticide Dowry Deaths Spousal Abuse

Gender How do gender relations change across space? Development? Culture?

Social Distance Creates Tension btwn individuals Perceived How different are they?

Social Distance Majority over minority Ethnocentrism Better than…

Ethnic Conflict Ethnic Cleansing Cleanse the area of an ethnicity Genocide Armenia Holocaust Rwanda Bosnia