CS B 551 ELEMENTS OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE 1
CS B 551: ELEMENTS OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE 1 Instructor: Kris Hauser http: //cs. indiana. edu/~hauserk
BASICS Class web site http: //cs. indiana. edu/classes/b 551 Textbook S. Russell and P. Norvig Artificial Intelligence: a Modern Approach 3 rd edition 2 nd edition can be used, but is not preferable 2
BASICS Instructor Kris Hauser (hauserk@indiana. edu) AIs Kai Song (kaisong@indiana. edu) 3
OFFICE HOURS Kris Hauser Tu 10 -11, W 12 -1 in Info E 257 (connector building) Kai Song TBA 4
AGENDA Intro to AI Overview of class policies 5
WHAT IS AI? AI is the reproduction of human reasoning and intelligent behavior by computational methods 6
WHAT IS AI? AI is an attempt of reproduction of human reasoning and intelligent behavior by computational methods 7
WHAT IS AI? Discipline that systematizes and automates reasoning processes to create machines that: Think like humans Think rationally Act like humans Act rationally 8
Think like humans Think rationally Act like humans Act rationally The goal of AI is: to build machines that operate in the same way that humans think How do humans think? Build machines according to theory, test how behavior matches mind’s behavior Cognitive Science Manipulation of symbolic knowledge How does hardware affect reasoning? Discrete machines, analog minds 9
Think like humans Think rationally Act like humans Act rationally The goal of AI is: to build machines that perform tasks that seem to require intelligence when performed by humans Take a task at which people are better, e. g. : Prove a theorem Play chess Plan a surgical operation Diagnose a disease Navigate in a building and build a computer system that does it automatically But do we want to duplicate human imperfections? 10
Think like humans Think rationally Act like humans Act rationally The goal of AI is: to build machines that make the “best” decisions given current knowledge and resources “Best” depending on some utility function Influences from economics, control theory How do self-consciousness, hopes, fears, compulsions, etc. impact intelligence? Where do utilities come from? 11
WHAT IS INTELLIGENCE? “If there were machines which bore a resemblance to our bodies and imitated our actions as closely as possible for all practical purposes, we should still have two very certain means of recognizing that they were not real men. The first is that they could never use words, or put together signs, as we do in order to declare our thoughts to others… Secondly, even though some machines might do some things as well as we do them, or perhaps even better, they would inevitably fail in others, which would reveal that they are acting not from understanding, …” Discourse on the Method, by Descartes (1598 -1650) 12
WHAT IS INTELLIGENCE? Turing Test (c. 1950) 13
WHAT IS INTELLIGENCE?
AN APPLICATION OF THE TURING TEST CAPTCHA: Completely Automatic Public Turing tests to tell Computers and Humans Apart 15
CHINESE ROOM (JOHN SEARLE) 16
CAN MACHINES ACT/THINK INTELLIGENTLY? § Yes, if intelligence is narrowly defined as information processing AI has made impressive achievements showing that tasks initially assumed to require intelligence can be automated Each success of AI seems to push further the limits of what we consider “intelligence” 17
SOME ACHIEVEMENTS § § § Computers have won over world champions in several games, including Checkers, Othello, and Chess, but still do not do well in Go AI techniques are used in many systems: formal calculus, video games, route planning, logistics planning, pharmaceutical drug design, medical diagnosis, hardware and software troubleshooting, speech recognition, traffic monitoring, facial recognition, medical image analysis, part inspection, etc. . . DARPA Grand Challenge: robotic car autonomously traversed 132 miles of desert IBM’s Watson competes with Jeopardy champs Some industries (automobile, electronics) are highly robotized, while other robots perform brain and heart surgery, are rolling on Mars, fly autonomously, …, but home robots still remain a thing of the future 18 18
CAN MACHINES ACT/THINK INTELLIGENTLY? § § Yes, if intelligence is narrowly defined as information processing AI has made impressive achievements showing that tasks initially assumed to require intelligence can be automated Maybe yes, maybe not, if intelligence cannot be separated from consciousness Is the machine experiencing thought? § Strong vs. Weak AI § 19
BIG OPEN QUESTIONS § Is intelligent behavior just information processing? (Physical symbol system hypothesis) § § If so, can the human brain solve problems that are inherently intractable for computers? Will a general theory of intelligence emerge from neuroscience? In a human being, where is the interface between “intelligence” and the rest of “human nature” Self-consciousness, § emotions, compulsions What is the role of the body? (Mind-body problem) 20
§ § § AI contributes to building an information processing model of human beings, just as Biochemistry contributes to building a model of human beings based on bio-molecular interactions Both try to explain how a human being operates Both also explore ways to avoid human imperfections (in Biochemistry, by engineering new proteins and drug molecules; in AI, by designing rational reasoning methods) § § Both try to produce new useful technologies Neither explains (yet? ) the true meaning of being human 21
MAIN AREAS OF AI § § § § Knowledge representation (including formal logic) Search, especially heuristic search (puzzles, games) Planning Reasoning under uncertainty, including probabilistic reasoning Learning Robotics and perception Natural language processing Agent Robotics Reasoning Search Perception Learning Knowledge Constraint rep. satisfaction Planning Natural language . . . Expert 22 Systems
BITS OF HISTORY § § § 1956: The name “Artificial Intelligence” is coined 60’s: Search and games, formal logic and theorem proving 70’s: Robotics, perception, knowledge representation, expert systems 80’s: More expert systems, AI becomes an industry 90’s: Rational agents, probabilistic reasoning, machine learning 00’s: Systems integrating many AI methods, machine learning, natural language processing, reasoning under uncertainty, robotics again 23
AI REFERENCES Conferences IJCAI, ECAI, AAAI, NIPS Journals AI, Comp. I, IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intel. , IEEE Int. Sys. , JAIR Societies AAAI, SIGART, AISB AI Magazine (Editor: IU’s David Leake) 24
CAREERS IN AI ‘Pure’ AI Academia, industry labs Applied AI Almost any area of CS! NLP, vision, robotics Economics Cognitive Science 25
SYLLABUS Introduction to AI Search Probability, planning under uncertainty, Bayesian networks, probabilistic inference, temporal sequences Machine learning Uninformed search, heuristics, game playing Reasoning under uncertainty Philosophy, history, agent frameworks Neural nets, decision tree learning, support vector machines, etc. Applications Constraint satisfaction, motion planning, computer vision 26
Computer Vision B 657 Knowledge representation and learning B 552 S 626 S 675 Biologically-inspired computing B 553 I 486 B 555 B 556 Algorithms for Optimization and Learning B 553 Game theory B 551 E 626 Robotics B 335 I 400 Q 360 Q 570 Topics in AI B 659 Natural Language Processing B 651 27
CLASS POLICIES 28
PREREQUISITES C 211 I recommend: Two semesters programming Basic knowledge of data structures Basic knowledge of algorithmic complexity 29
PROGRAMMING ASSIGNMENTS Projects will be written in Python Easy to learn 2 weeks for each assignment 30
GRADING 75% Homework 6 assignments, lowest score will be dropped 25% Final 31
HOMEWORK POLICY Due at end of class on due date Typically Thursdays No “slip days” Extensions only granted in rare cases Require advance notice except emergencies 32
FINAL PROJECT Encouraged if you are intending to do research or coursework in AI, pursue higher degree Individual or small groups (up to 3) Counts as two homework assignments Content Software, new research, or technical report Mid-semester project proposal End-of-year report and in-class presentation
ENROLLMENT Add/drop deadline w/o penalty: Aug 27 Waitlist deadline: Aug 25 34
TAKEAWAYS AI has many interpretations Act vs. think, human-like vs. rational Concept has evolved “Intelligence” has many interpretations Turing test Chinese room AI success stories from each perspective 35
HOMEWORK Register Textbook Survey http: //cs. indiana. edu/classes/b 551 Readings: R&N Ch. 1, 26 (introduction and historical perspectives) R&N 3. 1 -3 36
- Slides: 36