CS 220 Digital Design Basic Information n n

CS 220 : Digital Design

Basic Information n n Title: Digital Design Code: CS 220 Lecture: 3 Tutorial: 1 Pre-Requisite: Computer Introduction (CS 201)

Overall Aims of Course By the end of the course the students will be able to: ü Grasp basic principles of combinational and sequential logic design. ü Determine the behavior of a digital logic circuit (analysis) and translate description of logical problems to efficient digital logic circuits (synthesis). ü Understanding of how to design a general-purpose computer, starting with simple logic gates.

Contents Topics Contact Hours No. of Weeks -Introduction to the course content, text book(s), reference(s) and course plane. - Digital Systems and Binary numbers 9 3 - Boolean Algebra and Logic Gates 6 2 - Gate Level Minimization 9 3 - Combinational Logic 12 4 - Synchronous Sequential Logic 9 3 Total 45 15

Assessment schedule Assessment Methods Week Weighting of Assessments First Midterm Exam 6 20% Second Midterm Exam 13 20% Every Chapter 10% 12 10% After week 15 40% Home work project Final Exam Total 100%

List of References Essential Books n “DIGITAL DESIGN”, by Mano M. Morris, 4 th edition, Prentice- Hall. Recommended Books “FUNDAMENTALS OF LOGIC DESIGN”, by Charles H. Roth, Brooks/Cole Thomson Learning. “INTRODUCTION TO DIGITAL SYSTEMS”, by M. D. ERCEGOVAC, T. Lang, and J. H. Moreno, Wiley and Sons. 1998. “DIGITAL DESIGN, PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICES”, by John F. Wakely, Latest Edition, Prentice Hall, Eaglewood Cliffs, NJ. “FUNDMENTALS OF DIGITAL LOGIC WITH VHDL DESIGN”, by Stephen Brown and Zvonko Vranesic, Mc. Graw Hill. “INTRODUCTION TO DIGITAL LOGIC DESIGN”, by John Hayes, Addison Wesley, Reading, MA.

1. Digital Systems and Binary Numbers 1. 1 Digital Systems 1. 2 Binary Numbers 1. 3 Number-Base Conversions 1. 4 Octal and Hexadecimal Numbers 1. 5 Complements 1. 6 Signed Binary Numbers 1. 7 Binary Codes

1. 1 Digital Systems

1. 2 Binary Numbers In general, a number expressed in a base-r system has coefficients multiplied by powers of r: r is called base or radix.

1. 3 Number-Base Conversions (Integer Part) Example:

1. 3 Number-Base Conversions (Fraction Part) Example:

Binary-to-Decimal Conversion Example:

1. 4 Octal and Hexadecimal Numbers

Decimal-to-Octal Conversion Example:

Decimal-to-Hexadecimal Conversion Example:

Octal-to-Decimal Conversion Example:

Hexadecimal-to-Decimal Conversion Example:

Binary–Octal and Octal–Binary Conversions Example:

Hex–Binary and Binary–Hex Conversions Example:

Hex–Octal and Octal–Hex Conversions n n For Hexadecimal–Octal conversion, the given hex number is firstly converted into its binary equivalent which is further converted into its octal equivalent. An alternative approach is firstly to convert the given hexadecimal number into its decimal equivalent and then convert the decimal number into an equivalent octal number. The former method is definitely more convenient and straightforward. For Octal–Hexadecimal conversion, the octal number may first be converted into an equivalent binary number and then the binary number transformed into its hex equivalent. The other option is firstly to convert the given octal number into its decimal equivalent and then convert the decimal number into its hex equivalent. The former approach is definitely the preferred one.

Example

Arithmetic Operation n Addition augend Added: Sum: 101101 + 100111 -----1010100

Subtraction minuend: subtrahend: difference: 101101 - 100111 ------000110

Multiplication

1. 5 Complements Diminished Radix Complement ((r-1)‘s complement) Given a number N in base r having n digits, the (r - 1)’s Complement of N is defined as (rn- 1) -N. n the 9’s complement of 546700 is 999999 – 46700=453299 nthe 1’s complement of 1011000 is 0100111 n Note: The (r-1)’s complement of octal or hexadecimal numbers is obtained by subtracting each digit from 7 or F (decimal 15), respectively

Radix Complement Given a number N in base r having n digit, the r’s complement of Nis defined as (rn -N) for N ≠ 0 and as 0 for N =0. The 10’s complement of 012398 is 987602 §The 10’s complement of 246700 is 753300 §The 2’s complement of 1011000 is 0101000 §

Subtraction with Complement n n The subtraction of two n-digit unsigned numbers M – N in base r can be done as follows: M + (rn - N), note that (rn - N) is r’s complement of N. If M N, the sum will produce an end carry x, which can be discarded; what is left is the result M- N. If M < N, the sum does not produce an end carry and is (N - M). Take the r’x complement of the sum and place a negative sign in front.

Example: n Using 10’s complement subtract 72532 – 3250 M = 72532 10’s complement of N = 96750 sum = 169282 Discarded end carry 105 = -100000 answer: 69282

Example: n Using 10’s complement subtract 3250 - 72532 M = 03250 10’s complement of N = 27468 sum = 30718 Discarded end carry 105 = -100000 answer: -(100000 - 30718) = -69282 n The answer is –(10’s complement of 30718) = -69282

Example Using 2’s complement subtract (a) 1010100 – 1000011 M = 1010100 N = 1000011, 2’s complement of N = 0111101 1010100 0111101 sum = 10010001 Discarded end carry 27=-10000000 answer: 0010001

Example (b) 1000011 – 1010100 M = 1000011 N = 1010100, 2’s complement of N = 0101100 1000011 0101100 sum = 1101111 answer: - (10000000 - 1101111) = -0010001 n The answer is –(2’s complement of 1101111) = - 0010001

Example Using 1’s complement, subtract 1010100 - 1000011 M = 1010100 N = 1000011, 1’s complement of N = 0111100 1010100 0111100 10010000 end-around carry = + 1 answer: 0010001 33

Example Using 1’s complement, subtract 1000011 - 1010100 M = 1000011 N = 1010100, 1’s complement of N = 0101011 1000011 0101011 1101110 Answer: -0010001 34

1. 6 Signed Binary Numbers

1. 6 Signed Binary Numbers 1 - Sign and Magnitude representation 2 - 1’s Complement Representation 3 - 2’s Complement Representation Notes 1 - The previous representation are the same for positive numbers and different for negative numbers 2 - For a signed binary number the most significant bit is used for representing the sign of the number We use 0 for positive numbers and 1 for negative numbers Example : represent +76

Representing negative numbers in the previous three systems 1’s Complement of a negative number can be obtained by flipping all bits of the positive binary number 2’s Complement of a negative number can be obtained by adding 1 to the 1’s Complement or by flipping bits of the positive binary number after the first one from the right Example : represent -76

Arithmetic Addition with Comparison The addition of two numbers in the signed mgnitude system follow the rules of ordinary arithmetic. If the signed are the same, we add the two magnitudes and give the sum the common sign. If the signed are different, we subtract the smaller magnitude from the larger and give the difference the sign of the larger magnitude. EX. (+25) + (-38) = -(38 - 25) = -13

Arithmetic Addition without Comparison The addition of two signed binary number with negative numbers represented in signed 2’s complement form is obtained from the addition of the two numbers, including their signed bits. A carry out of the signed bit position is discarded (note that the 4 th case).

Arithmetic Addition without Comparison 06 00000110 06 11111010 13 00001101 19 00010011 07 00000111 06 00000110 06 11111010 13 11110011 07 11111001 19 11101101 40

Arithmetic Subtraction (+/-) A – (+B)= (+/-) A + (-B) (+/-) A – (-B)= (+/-) A + (+B) Example (-6) – (-13)= +7 In binary: (1111010 – 11110011)= (1111010 + 00001101) =100000111 after removing the carry out the result will be : 00000111

1. 7 Binary Codes

Binary Coded Decimal (BCD)

Binary Coded Decimal (BCD) in this system each digit is represented in 4 bits For example : to represent in BCD

BCD Addition Example : Evaluate the following operations in BCD System 1– 3+4 2– 4+8 3 - 148 + 576

BCD Addition Example : Evaluate the following operations in BCD System 1– 3+4 2– 4+8 3 - 148 + 576 Error We must add 6 (0110) to the result

BCD Addition Example : Evaluate the following operations in BCD System 1– 3+4 2– 4+8 3 - 184 + 576

Notes 1 – In BCD Addition , we add (0110)=(6) if the result value was greater than (1001)=(9) or if the result was more than 4 digits In previous Example we added 0110 when the result was 1 - greater than 9 (1001) 2 - more than 4 digits (10000) Note : result more than 4 digit is greater than 9(1001)

Decimal Arithmetic Addition for signed numbers Example: n n (+375) + (- 240) = + 135 in BCD Apply 10‘s complement to the negative number only. Addition is done by summing all digits, including the sign digit, and discarding the end carry 0 375 +9 760 ------0 135

Decimal Arithmetic n n Subtraction for signed and unsigned numbers Apply 10‘s complement to the subtrahend apply addition (same as binary case)

Excess-3 (ex-3) Excess-three (ex-3)is another system to represent a number (ex-3) is like (BCD) in the way of representing number i. e. each digit is represented in 4 bits Except that : each digit is firstly incremented by three For example : to represent in ex-3

Gray Code

ASCII character code ASCII : American Standard Code for Information Interchange ASCII code is used to represent characters , Symbols , … ASCII code consists of 7 -bits (to represent 128 character) Upper case Letters are represented by ASCII (65 : 90) Lower case Letters are represented by ASCII (97 : 122) # 65 66 ASCII 1000001 1000010 Ch A B 90 1011010 Z 97 98 1100001 1100010 a b

Error Detecting Code ASCII A 1000001 ASCII T 1010100 with even parity 01000001 11010100 with odd parity 11000001 01010100

For more information about Number Systems and Conversations between them Check these 1 – Our Logic Book 2 - Computer Organization's Lectures 3 – Any other References