CS 160 Lecture 5 Professor John Canny Spring
- Slides: 40
CS 160: Lecture 5 Professor John Canny Spring 2004 Feb 6 9/15/2020 1
Administrivia 4 Contextual Inquiry assignment due next Weds at end of class. Email me if you need more time… 9/15/2020 2
Teams 4 “A team is a small number of people with complementary skills who are committed to a common purpose, set of performance goals, and approach for which they hold themselves mutually accountable. ” - K&S 4 Unpacking this statement. . . 9/15/2020 3
Teams: Small numbers 4 Small numbers are important because they allow direct relationships between all the members. 4 It also allows a high level of awareness of how the project is going, and where each member is in their tasks. 9/15/2020 4
Teams: Small numbers 4 Two problems arise when teams get too big: * Centralization: a few people dominate, and several hardly contribute at all * Communication: the overhead for communication goes up with the number of people 9/15/2020 5
Teams: Small numbers 4 Team sizes vary of course. For CS 160 -style project work, it seems like 4 -7 is the ideal range. 9/15/2020 6
Team Size: Brooks Law 4 In the “Mythical Man Month”, Fred Brooks observed that per-programmer productivity in teams decreases with size of the team. 4 This is often called “Brooks Law” (programming teams are less than the sum of their parts). 9/15/2020 7
Team Size: Communication 4 Sproull & Kiesler studied team programming in courses at CMU and found: 4 Teams that did more communication by email rather than in face-to-face meetings were more productive. Teams with only F 2 F meetings were less productive. 9/15/2020 8
Team Size: Communication 4 Sproull and Kiesler’s work reinforces the idea that communication impacts group effectiveness. 4 Email is good for routine coordination and communication. 9/15/2020 9
Communication again 4 Face-to-face meetings are a good way to: 4 Create and foster common purpose 4 Resolve conflict 4 Email and phone are good for 4 Routine communication and decision-making 4 Coordination, reporting 9/15/2020 10
Common Purpose 4 Sense of purpose is a big part of team success. 4 K&S: Set measurable performance goals 9/15/2020 11
Goal setting 4 Defines specific work products 4 Facilitates communication and constructive conflict 4 Attainable: maintain focus 4 Leveling effect: focus on task rather than status 4 Defines small wins as part of the larger purpose 4 Goals are compelling 9/15/2020 12
Mutual Accountability 4 Mutual accountability distinguishes teams from other workgroups. 4 In a team, each member measures their success in terms of the success of the team, and all its members. 9/15/2020 13
Shared Leadership 4 In a team, leadership is often shared. 4 This is very hard to do: * It requires a high level of trust among members * It requires flexibility and self-critique among members * It requires a strong sense of responsibility among all members – each individual is responsible for making sure every task happens * It requires that all members share a common vision of where the team is going… 9/15/2020 14
Shared Vision 4 Helps all members put in their maximum effort: * They are more than employees, they are “owners and managers” 4 Allows the team to build and evolve their vision 4 Allows leadership and responsibility to be shared among the team 9/15/2020 15
Sharing a Vision 4 Sharing a vision takes effort: * Articulate and re-articulate it regularly * Make it concrete and personal * Use evocative language * Look for other successful efforts with similar vision 9/15/2020 16
Working as a team 4 In workgroups, members meet, discuss, set priorities and then do division of labor 4 Teams continue to work closely together throughout a project 4 Its often difficult to breakdown the contributions of individuals in a team 9/15/2020 17
Encouraging debate 4 Open-ended discussion and brainstorming in a team are one of the best routes to creative ideas. 4 Its very hard to do – there are many pitfalls and failure modes. 4 But its worth pursuing. Practice techniques and remember themes from K&S. 9/15/2020 18
Constructive Conflict 4 Sometimes, groups strive for harmony and strong consensus. 4 Generally speaking, the better the group feels about a decision, the less effective that decision is. (groupthink) 4 Good decision-making involves resolution of differing viewpoints - constructive conflict 9/15/2020 19
Conflict and Creativity 4 In fact the most effective generator of creativity in a group is an authentic dissenter: 4 Someone who is credible and who genuinely disagrees with the rest of the group. 4 Some groups use “devil’s advocates” for this reason. They’re not as effective. 9/15/2020 20
Conflict and Creativity 4 The key to constructive conflict is to focus on the task, and on individual ideas. 4 Ideas and opinions must be detached from the individual. 4 Ideas have to be clarified and developed before they can be criticized. 9/15/2020 21
Break 9/15/2020 22
Team membership 4 Skills: 4 Technical/functional (experts) 4 Problem-solving/decision-making 4 Interpersonal skills 9/15/2020 23
Interdisciplinary teams 4 Communication on the programming team was a problem. For the interdisciplinary team, it is a big problem. 4 Teams often depend on “gatekeepers” or facilitators with interdisciplinary skills and vocabulary to help team members understand each other. The differences are: * Vocabulary, Meaning, Purpose 9/15/2020 24
Building teams: Urgency 4 Establish Urgency 4 Purpose is worthwhile 4 There is a clear way to move ahead 9/15/2020 25
Building teams: Select for Skill 4 Manager should choose team based on skills of members, and potential skills. 4 Should personality be a factor? … stay tuned. 9/15/2020 26
Setting rules of behavior 4 E. g. no phone calls in meetings 4 no sacred cows 4 one conversation at a time 4 encourage wild ideas 4 no finger-pointing. . . 9/15/2020 27
Set a few immediate goals 4 Make them performance-oriented 4 When results occur, the team starts feeling like a team 9/15/2020 28
Bring in fresh facts and ideas 4 Fact: teams do not share enough information (Hinds, Stanford). 4 Regular updates and exchanges are much more valuable than they seem. 4 This builds a sense of community and common knowledge. 9/15/2020 29
Spend time together 4 Casual or “unstructured” interactions are very important for building shared context. 4 Putting people in the same space is the best way to do that. 4 Recreating this online is a bit of a challenge. 9/15/2020 30
Positive Feedback 4 Don’t miss an opportunity to reward or encourage legitimate effort. 4 Positive reinforcement encourages more effort and performance beyond expectations. 9/15/2020 31
When things go Wrong… 4 Remember first some personal goals for the course: * Learning about UI design, which means an entire process including working in a diverse team * Working on an effective team is a great learning experience * Working on a difficult team is also very useful – you will develop coping skills that will be very important later 9/15/2020 32
Channel personal drives 4 Most personal drives can work for the team or against it. 4 When conflicts occur, one or more of these is at work. 4 Recognize your own drives first: * Whenever you disagree with someone, ask yourself why and what drive is at work * Ask how your response advances the team’s goals, or even your own personal goals 9/15/2020 33
Channel personal drives 4 After analyzing your own drives, think about others, but: * Recognize that you can only guess at what drives someone else, and that changing their actions is much harder than changing your own * Avoid passing the blame 4 Still, by understanding others’ drives, you may be able to steer their participation in the project so that they are better achieved 9/15/2020 34
Channel personal drives 4 Competitive instincts: * There is actually no-one to compete with in this course, but if you have a competitive drive apply it to other teams, not to your team-mates. * Appreciate and “own” team-mates skills and successes as your own. 9/15/2020 35
Channel personal drives 4 Perfectionism: * Design in practice is mostly compromise – deadlines prevent you from doing anywhere near as well as you would like to. Try instead to do the best you can in the time allowed. * Include team cohesion as one of your goals. Work on it. * Recognize that your future achievements will rely on many peoples’ efforts beyond your own. * Mastering teamwork is much more important than mastering Java, C#, or any design process. 9/15/2020 36
Keep it concrete 4 People often argue at length about principles before discovering that they agree on specifics. 4 Ideology is fun to talk about, but not under time pressure when a project is at stake. 4 Establish your team goals up front, before you are immersed in the project. 4 Frame arguments in terms of concrete situations, personas, devices and interfaces. 9/15/2020 37
Detach ideas from owners 4 Some of the most successful teams are characterized by extreme freedom of expression, especially criticism. 4 It is ruthless toward ideas, but never personal. 4 Success is judged in terms of how far the idea progresses, not how much each person contributes. 9/15/2020 38
Help out 4 When conflicts arise between other team members (not yourself), it is your problem as much as theirs. 4 You are in a better position to mediate and resolve the conflict than the people having it. 4 Avoid taking sides, instead look for common ground. Keep the discussion concrete, specific, and revisit the teams’ goals. 9/15/2020 39
Summary 4 Teams are small groups, which are more than the sum of their parts 4 They are characterized by shared goals, leadership and mutual accountability 4 The last two distinguish teams from other workgroups 4 Effective teamwork is hard 4 Conflict resolution is a whole-team task 9/15/2020 40
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